Böke, Hasan
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Boke, H
Boke, Hasan
Böke, H.
Böke, H
Boke, H.
Boke, Hasan
Böke, H.
Böke, H
Boke, H.
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Email Address
hasanboke@iyte.edu.tr
Main Affiliation
02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
Status
Former Staff
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Sustainable Development Goals
1NO POVERTY
0
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2ZERO HUNGER
2
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3GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
0
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4QUALITY EDUCATION
3
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5GENDER EQUALITY
0
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6CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
5
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7AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
6
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8DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
2
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9INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
14
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10REDUCED INEQUALITIES
0
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11SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
11
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12RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
8
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13CLIMATE ACTION
6
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14LIFE BELOW WATER
3
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15LIFE ON LAND
4
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16PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
0
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17PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
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Documents
33
Citations
994
h-index
18
Documents
34
Citations
904
Scholarly Output
52
Articles
30
Views / Downloads
138416/29544
Supervised MSc Theses
12
Supervised PhD Theses
8
WoS Citation Count
856
Scopus Citation Count
750
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0
Projects
7
WoS Citations per Publication
16.46
Scopus Citations per Publication
14.42
Open Access Source
43
Supervised Theses
20
| Journal | Count |
|---|---|
| Journal of Cultural Heritage | 4 |
| Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports | 3 |
| Materials Characterization | 2 |
| Materials Letters | 2 |
| Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry | 2 |
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52 results
Scholarly Output Search Results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 52
Doctoral Thesis Investigation of the Deterioration Problems of Excavated Andesite Monuments in Archaeological Sites for the Purpose of Conservation(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Kaplan, Çağlayan Deniz; Böke, Hasan; Böke, HasanArchaeological sites have to be preserved as the witnesses of the earliest human activities. Determination of deterioration processes of stone monuments in archaeological sites is one of the fundamental phases for their preservation. In this study, deterioration problems of excavated andesites from Aigai and Assos archaeological sites were investigated for the purpose of conservation. Within this intent, visual analysis of the andesite deteriorations was carried out with site surveys in four years intervals and basic physical, petrographic and microstructural properties, mineralogical, elemental and chemical compositions of interior parts and exterior surfaces of the andesites were determined and compared. Visual analyses at the sites show that the progress of andesite deterioration after excavation is insignificant during the four years. The experimental results indicated the slight chemical deterioration of the silica and ferromagnesian minerals and calcium-feldspars through the action of carbon dioxide and water during burial resulted in the formation of clay minerals and calcium carbonate and hematite patinas on the andesite surfaces respectively. Presence of clay minerals promotes physical, chemical and biological deterioration. The experimental results indicated that excavations can be carried out by preventive conservation measures to prevent further andesite deteriorations in open air conditions. As for the preventive conservation measures, the study suggests that the controlled drying of the andesites during excavations has to be supplied, clays on the stone surfaces have to be cleaned but but calcium carbonate layer have to be protected and biocides have to be implemented to prevent the biological formations. Site planning such as drainage to keep the water away from the monuments have to be supplied after their excavations.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 10Construction Techniques of Domes in Some Ottoman Baths(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Reyhan, Kader; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn Ottoman bath architecture, the dome is the spherical structural component covering the square planned dressing hall, warm and hot spaces. In this study, the relationship between bond type, dome span, dome height, dome thickness, and the number of oculi of domes in some Ottoman baths located in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of evaluating construction techniques and architectural characteristics. The studied domes were constructed with brick and lime mortar as binder. In the construction of domes, whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used. In all domes, the surfaces were covered with brick-lime plaster, a thin layer on the interior and a thick layer on the exterior. Terracotta pipes placed in the brick bond or the openings made through the brick bond constituted oculi for lighting. Depending on the brick bond, a linear relationship was determined between the span, height, and number of oculi, whereas a mathematical ratio between 1:10 and 1:12 was determined between the span and thickness of the domes. It has also been noted that as the dome span increases, so does the height, thickness at the springing level and the number of oculi. The domes examined with these properties should be seen as historical documents representing the construction technology of the 15th century. Therefore, these properties of domes must be preserved and special care needs to be taken as not to lose the original qualities of these domes during conservation works.Master Thesis Classification and Visual Analysis of Weathering Forms of Stone in Kadıkalesi, Kuşadası(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Talu, Işıl; Böke, Hasan; Böke, HasanIdentification of the state of deterioration at stone monuments is one of the main steps, which should be carried out for planning of conservation studies.In recent years, most of the study concerning the classification and mapping of weathering forms observed at stone monuments have been carried out either by detailed classification or sketchy methods.Due to the large area of the archaeological site, identification of the weathering forms of stones and their progress should be done in easy and rapid way to decide urgent interventions. This study was aimed to propose a visual presentation technique for classification and mapping of weathering forms of stones that it could be applied easily in archeological sites. For this aim, a method has been developed in the archeological site of Kadıkalesi (Anaia). The method was derived from detailed and sketchy classification methods. Both methods were united in order to form an intermediary scale for the visual classification and mapping forms observed at stone monuments.The proposed method for classification and mapping of weathering forms of stone in this study would be suitable for archeological sites. The most frequently observed weathering form in Kadikalesi is biological colonization, which is major cause of the loss of stone blocks and fissures. The deposition of the soluble salts, which could be originated from soil and marine aerosols and clay minerals, which ensures suitable conditions for the biological growth, are the other major causes of the stone, brick and mortar deterioration. This study indicated that during and after excavation in an archeological site, deposited soil and soluble salts on the stone surfaces should be cleaned to prevent rapid deterioration. Repairing or sealing cracks, cavities of stones, hand pulling wild grass will also prevent rapid deterioration of stones by the formation of higher plants.Doctoral Thesis Evaluation of Stone Deterioration Problems of Anavarza Archaeological Site for the Purpose of Conservation(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) İpekci, Emre; Böke, Hasan; Aydın, Rozelin; Lubelli, BarbaraIn this study, horasan and lime plasters of Zeyrek Çinili Bath (16th c.) in İstanbul built by Mimar Sinan, considered as the master architect of the Ottoman Empire, were investigated to determine application techniques of plasters, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, microstructural properties and hydraulicity of plasters, mineralogical, chemical compositions of binders, pozzolanic activities of crushed brick aggregates by using standard test methods, binocular microscope, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application on the wall surfaces of the inner spaces of the bath was classified as lower level and upper level plasters. The lower level plasters are composed of two horasan plaster layers. The first layer is rough while the second layer is fine. Glazed tiles are adhered on the second layer of the horasan plasters by glazed tile adhesives. Hence, all horasan plasters are original and not repaired. The upper level plasters are composed of a horasan plaster layer with one or two lime plaster layers. The plasters of domes are consisted of a rough horasan plaster layer with one fine lime plaster layer. Horasan plasters used in all spaces of the bath have no significant differences in their physical properties, mineralogical, chemical compositions, microstructural properties, pozzolanicity and hydraulicity. Horasan plasters are high porous and low dense materials. The layers of horasan plasters used in the bath are well adhered to each other. Brick aggregates of horasan plasters have good puzzolanic properties. Hence, most of the horasan plasters are hydraulic.Article Citation - WoS: 49Citation - Scopus: 57Characteristics of Lime Produced From Limestone Containing Diatoms(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Böke, Hasan; Çizer, Özlem; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Şerifaki, Kerem; Toprak, GülcanIn this study lime binder used in stone and brick masonry mortars of some historic Ottoman baths was examined to understand whether the binders were hydraulic or not. For this purpose the mineralogical and elemental compositions and the microstructure of lime binder were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results indicate that the lime used in the brick dome mortars of Ottoman baths was hydraulic. Taking into account the kiln and fuel conditions of the 15th century, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic lime at relatively low temperature was examined. For this purpose limestone containing diatoms was heated at a relatively low temperature (850 °C), then slaked and carbonated. After heating and slaking, calcium silicate giving hydraulicity to the lime was indicated by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. These results show that the production of hydraulic lime at a relatively low calcination temperature (850 °C) was possible with 15th century kilns.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 29Characteristics of Bricks Used in the Domes of Some Historic Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanIn this study, characteristics of bricks used in the domes of some historic bath buildings dated to 15th century in Izmir were determined in order to indicate the properties of repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes. For this purpose, their basic physical properties, elemental and mineralogical compositions, firing temperatures and microstructural properties were determined by using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analysis. Analysis results indicated that the bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing low amounts of calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures (<. 900. °C). They are mainly consisted of small pores with r<. 5. μm that make the bricks more susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. Although the bricks were fired at low temperatures and susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze thaw cycles, the structural systems of the domes remained without losing their integrity due to the moderate climatic conditions of Izmir. Repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes should be compatible with the original ones and produced from calcium poor clays by firing at low temperatures.Article Characterization of Yellow Patina on Stone Surfaces by Instrumental Analysis Including Libs(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Badur, Fulya; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, Şerife; Böke, HasanYellow patina formed on the stone surfaces of historical buildings, monuments, and archaeological structures due to weathering is considered a value of the building in the conservation of cultural heritage studies. Although yellow patina layers can be easily distinguished on white marble surfaces, it is not possible to distinguish them on the yellow travertine surfaces with the naked eye. It should be taken into account in yellow travertines as well as marble surfaces before conservation treatments of the stone. In this study, mineralogical and chemical compositions and the thicknesses of yellow patina layers formed on yellow travertine and marble surfaces in Aizanoi, Aphrodisias, and Hierapolis archaeological sites in Turkey were analyzed in order to constitute a conservation approach in the archaeological sites. In this respect, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and LIBS were used in the determination of compositions and thicknesses of yellow patina. Although LIBS analysis is a more convenient method to investigate patina layers on stone surfaces, this technique is not as well known as the others. Yellow patina layers contained calcium oxalate in the form of whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O). Their thicknesses were between 15 and 100 μm and should be protective against weathering on travertine and marble surfaces. Highlights LIBS analysis seems to be the most convenient micro-destructive method to estimate the thickness of the yellow patina layers on the marble and yellow travertine surfaces. The determination of the thickness of the yellow patina is critical to keep irreversible cleaning interventions, especially for the yellow travertines due to their similar colors. Yellow patina is mainly composed of calcium oxalate with clay minerals and organic compounds.Master Thesis Characterization of Pigments Used in the Execution of Wall Paintings in Kadıkalesi(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2010) Demir, Serap; Böke, HasanSince prehistoric times wall paintings have been remarkable symbols of existences, identities, cultures and life-styles of human beings and societies and considerable integral parts of art and architecture. In this context, determination of painting techniques and materials employed and deterioration problems of the wall paintings, as of being part of built cultural heritage, have been crucial in terms of conservation. In this study, wall paintings existing in the Byzantine church-monastery edifice which have been uncovered in Kadıkalesi (Anaia) archaeological site were investigated for the purpose of identification of the original materials and painting technique. Mineralogical, chemical and micro-structural characteristic of the pigments and binding mediums employed in the fabrication of paintings; and basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, chemical and micro-structural features of surface renderings underlying the painting layers were established. In the analyses, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), optical microscope, Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were used. On the basis of analyses results, it was determined that lime-secco technique was used in the fabrication of the investigated wall painting fragments; pigments were applied after mixed with lime (generally dolomitic lime) as binder on the surface of dry fine plaster. The density and porosity values of the fine plasters which paintings were executed are 1.20 g/cm3 and 40 % by volume respectively. The fine plasters were constructed with pure lime with small amount of soil material. Iron oxide-based pigments in red, yellow and purple paintings and aluminosilicate-based pigments; such as celadonite, glauconite in green paintings, lazurite and glaucophane in blue and dark blue paintings were employed.Master Thesis Properties of Roman Bricks and Mortars Used in Serapis Temple in Bergama(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Aslan Özkaya, Özlem; Böke, HasanSerapis Temple, which was constructed in the Roman Period and reached our present time, is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. We must hand over this monument to next generations. This requires the identification of the characteristics of original construction materials and their deterioration problems for preventive measures.In this study, characteristics of bricks, mortars and plasters used in the Serapis Temple have been determined in order to have the necessary information of the characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. For this purpose, Roman, Byzantine and intervention bricks, mortars and plasters were collected for the laboratory analysis.Several analyses were carried out to understand their basic physical properties, microstructural features, and mineralogical and chemical compositions.Experimental results of the study indicated that Roman and intervention bricks are low dense and high porous. Raw materials used in their manufacturing were calcium poor clays and their firing temperatures did not exceed 900 C.Roman and Byzantine mortars and plasters are stiff, compact, low dense and high porous materials. They have high compressive strength values. But, intervention mortars are not stiff and compact and they have very low compressive strength.The mortars used during the late restoration works (1940) were manufactured by using lime and cement. Due to the use of cement, they contain a high amount of soluble salts compared to the Roman and Byzantine ones.The results of this study indicated that intervention materials should be compatible with the original materials and they will not give any damage to the original ones. This requires knowing about both the composition and physical properties of original materials as well as the problems of deterioration.Master Thesis Importance of Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage: Düzce (hereke) Bath(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Ünal, Yasemen; Böke, HasanIn historic buildings conservation works, proper intervention decisions are taken by the correct analysis and evaluation of the present situation of the building. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has started a standardization studies in the protection of cultural heritage. One of the important developed standard is the “Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage” that accepted in 2012. Turkish Standards Institution has adopted the “condition survey and report of built cultural heritage'' as a local standard to be used in the conservation work of historic building in Turkey. Hence, all institutions have to comply with the standards for conservation work carried out in Turkey. This standard specifies how the present condition of cultural heritage will be evaluated, documented, recorded and reported. It is applied the determination of the need for maintenance measures and identification of detailed principles of conservation. The aim of this thesis was to use standard on a case study. The chosen case was Düzce Bath in İzmir. The study began by visual observation at the site. During the survey of the study, digital camera, flashlight and steel meter were used in the necessary places. Work has to be started from mostly collapsed walls, arches and domes that affect the stability of the building severely.