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Chandrasekharam, Dornadula
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Chandrasekharam, D
Chandrasekharam, Dornadulla
Chandrasekharam, Dornadulla
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dornadulachandra@iyte.edu.tr
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03.03. Department of Civil Engineering
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External
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Sustainable Development Goals
1NO POVERTY
0
Research Products
2ZERO HUNGER
1
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3GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
0
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4QUALITY EDUCATION
0
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5GENDER EQUALITY
0
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6CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
4
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7AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
16
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8DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
3
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9INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
5
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10REDUCED INEQUALITIES
0
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11SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
3
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12RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
1
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13CLIMATE ACTION
8
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14LIFE BELOW WATER
3
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15LIFE ON LAND
3
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16PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
0
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17PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
2
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Documents
145
Citations
3462
h-index
29
Documents
107
Citations
2628
Publication Collaboration
| Affiliation Name | Count |
|---|---|
| Indian Institute of Technology Bombay | 73 |
| Izmir Institute of Technology | 23 |
| Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad | 21 |
| King Saud University | 16 |
| Monash University | 11 |
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Scholarly Output
20
Articles
14
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11400/1974
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0
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0
WoS Citation Count
97
Scopus Citation Count
136
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0
Projects
1
WoS Citations per Publication
4.85
Scopus Citations per Publication
6.80
Open Access Source
8
Supervised Theses
0
| Journal | Count |
|---|---|
| Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences | 3 |
| Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS): The Future Energy-Road Ahead | 3 |
| Geothermics | 3 |
| Environmental Earth Sciences | 1 |
| Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources | 1 |
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Review Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Geothermal Energy Potential in Relation To Black Carbon Reduction and Co2 Mitigation of Himalayan Geothermal Belt – a Review(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Chandrasekharam,D.; Raju,N.J.; Ranjan,S.; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of EngineeringWe have compiled geochemical dataset of springs (Thermal and Cold) from the Himalayan Geothermal Belt (HGB), shows slightly acidic to moderately alkaline (pH = 4.5 – 9.4) in nature with an emerging surface temperature of 27 °C – 96 °C. The calculated reservoir temperature ranged in between 78 °C – 159 °C categorize the HGB as a low- to a moderate-enthalpy geothermal system. It was observed that geochemical facies of thermal springs dominated by the Ca-HCO3, Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl composition while cold springs are abundant in Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-SO4. Interestingly, Piper diagram inferred that Puga, Chumathang, and Gaik thermal springs, lies in the western part of HGB that correlate with the Yangbajing thermal spring in Tibet (eastern part of HGB). Tectonically, the HGB is associated with the continental collision zone, shallow crustal melting, and high heat-producing younger granite (70 mW/m2 to > 400 mW/m2); therefore, the resultant geothermal gradient along the HGB is more than 200 °C/km. The present research documents that HGB have potential to reduce CO2 and BC emissions by taping the geothermal energy for power generation and we have projected that the power potential of HGB is 23,622 MWe that can help to mitigate 1.4 × 108 tCO2. © 2024 Elsevier LtdConference Object Citation - WoS: 3Salihli Granitoid, Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia: a Sustainable Clean Energy Source for Mitigating Co2 Emissions(2022) Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyTurkey has a great opportunity to promote renewable energy, which is produced from high heat-generating granitoids using EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) technology. Exploiting the energy from the radiogenic granitoid will help the country save about 32211 million kg of CO2 from gas-based electricity power plants. In addition to the hydrothermal energy sources, energy from EGS will make the country free from energy deficit and provide sustainable power, water, and food. In the present paper, we assess the power generation capacity of Salihli granitoid (SG), with an outcropping area of about 100 km2 located within the western Anatolian plateau, and describe the technology involved in harnessing the heat from these granitoids. The Anatolian Plateau is known for extension tectonics and is explained by the westward tectonic escape and subduction rollback processes. The most prominent structures of western Anatolia are E-W and ENE-WSW trending graben and horst controlled by low and high-angle oblique to dip-slip normal faults, exposing the Menderes Massif. Magmatic activity in western Anatolia is mainly related to episodic-two stage extensional regime, where the early phase is characterized mainly by calc-alkaline Early-Middle Miocene felsic lavas and pyroclastic and the latter by late Miocene-Quaternary rift-related alkaline basaltic volcanism. The plutonic activity started during 12 to 15 Ma represented by SG. The heat generation capacity of the SG varies from 5.5 to 6.7 (µW/m3), while the heat flow values over SG range from 68 to 107 HF (mW/m2). These values are much higher compared to the global average crustal values.Article Citation - Scopus: 1Anomalous Crustal Structure Beneath the Örenli-Eğiller Depression Zone, Inferred From Magnetotelluric Studies, Western Anatolia, Türkiye(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2024) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; Subba Rao, P.B.V.; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyIn Türkiye, the prevalence of high radiogenic granites makes them ideal locations for initiating enhanced geothermal system (EGS) projects. One such occurrence of these granites is observed in the Kozak area of the Bergama region. To assess the energy potential of this site, a magnetotelluric (MT) survey was conducted, focusing on determining the depth distribution of the intrusive granite. The survey employed dimensionality analysis, utilizing Bahr skew and phase tensor analyses that denote a 2D subsurface nature up to 100 s and beyond that a 3D nature. In the present study, we interpreted MT data up to 100 s. The data collected, including rotated impedance tensors and tippers, were inverted using a nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm integrated into the MT interpretation software of the WinG Link 2D inversion data modeling package. Multiple homogeneous half-space initial models were tested during the 2D inversion process. The findings indicate the existence of a midcrustal conductor associated with graphites and iron sulfides in the source region. This conductivity may be attributed to processes such as exsolution of metamorphic fluids, influx of mantle sources, or the entry of magmatic fluids through transcrustal fault zones. The findings indicate that the intrusive granite was emplaced along a NE–SW major fault, penetrating shallow crustal levels. The depth of this granite intrusion is determined to be 15 km, covering an outcrop area of 60 km². This detailed geological information allows a comprehensive assessment of the power-generating capacity of the intrusive granite. The results of this investigation contribute valuable insights for the development and optimization of Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) projects in the region. © 2024, TUBITAK. All rights reserved.Article Citation - Scopus: 3A Brief Overview on Geothermal Scaling(General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), 2023) Demir, Mustafa Muammer; Isık, Tuğba; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; Isık, Tuğba; Baba, Alper; Demir, Mustafa Muammer; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyHot spring waters are rich in terms of minerals. Since there are dramatic changes in thermodynamic parameters in geothermal power plants, such as a decrease in temperature and pressure, severe precipitation occurs throughout the system components in an uncontrolled manner. There are three main chemistries in deposits: carbonates (mainly calcium carbonates), silicates (metal silicates), and sulphides (antimony sulphide-stibnite). Energy harvesting is remarkably reduced out of the insulating nature of the deposit. Various actions need to be taken to mitigate this undesirable issue of scaling in geothermal systems. Geothermal systems are in fact quite complex, and the composition of brine and, accordingly, the chemistry of the deposit are not identical. Therefore, each system should be studied individually, and a tailor-made remedy should be developed. In this overview, the types of deposits in terms of chemistry and the actions (pH modification or antiscalant dosing) that should be taken to reduce scaling are mentioned, and potential chemistries of antiscalants are given.Book Part Citation - Scopus: 3High Radiogenic Granites of Western Anatolia for Egs: a Review(CRC Press, 2023) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; Ayzit, Tolga; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyTurkey has made remarkable progress in the hydrothermal sector by promoting both electricity generation and direct application. In terms of power generation, this country is the fourth top country in the world. Nearly 1 billion kWh of energy is being utilized to keep 150,000 homes warm in the winter. In addition, Turkey has huge amounts of uptapped energy in its high radiogenic granites in western Anatolia, spread over a cumulative area of 6,910 km2. The radioactive heat generated by these granites varies from 5 to 13 µW/m3. These granite plutons are located over a region with high heat flow values (120 mW/m2) and the Curie temperature isotherm in this region is located at a depth varying from 6 to 12 km. The heat flow values here are 50% higher than the world average. This thermal regime concurs well with the wet granite melting curve at a heat flow of 85 mW/m2. The entire thermal regime indicates a visco-elastic lower crustal layer in this region. Thus, these granites provide excellent sites for initiating Enhanced Geothermal Systems projects in Turkey. Earlier EGS projects in France and Australia gave power estimates of 79×106 kWh of electricity from 1km3 of such granite. With ongoing development in drilling technology, the classical concept of creating a fracture network is being replaced with loop technology that reduces minor seismic risks and also the cost of power. The most important additional advantage Turkey has is the high-temperature regime at shallow depth, unlike other countries where the granites are located at depths >5km. These factors cause the cost of power to fall below 6 euro cents per kWh. Besides the power and heat, the greatest advantage is the reduction in emissions and achieving UN sustainable development goals. A conservative estimate shows that these radiogenic granites of western Anatolia are capable of generating a minimum of 546×109 kWh of power. Energy from these granites can be utilized to generate freshwater using the desalination method. Earlier studies indicate that to produce 1 m3 of desalinated water, ~16 kWh of electrical energy are needed. The cost of fresh water generated using geothermal energy sources will be <1.5 euros per 1m3. Turkey can utilize the energy from granite for water and food security in the future. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Dornadula Chandrasekharam and Alper Baba.Article Citation - Scopus: 3Resurgent Dome and Super-Hot Enhanced Geothermal System: the Sahinkalesi Massif Within the Hasandag Stratovolcanic Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba,A.; Sass,I.; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of EngineeringThe Sahinkalesi, a volcanic dome located NNE of Hasandağ, Türkiye exhibits anomalous heat flow value, geothermal gradient and the Curie point depth is located at very shallow depth in this region. Our investigation indicates presence of super-critical thermal regime (378°C) at about 4 km depth and the MT analysis indicate shallow magma chamber at about 5 km depth. The crust is relatively thin below this region with the low-velocity region located at depth of about 36 km. Thermo-Hydro-mechanical model investigation has been carried out using finite element discretization technique. For faulted zone reservoir models, 30 years of geothermal energy exploitation does not cause thermal breakthrough for mass flow rates up to 500 kg/s, however, the mean stress developed in the reservoir becomes much larger and may be unsustainable for the reservoir stability. To ensure the success of a fractured reservoir model, the use of multiple wellbores is recommended. In the case of a closed-loop geothermal system, the primary concern is the control of thermoelastic stress. This can be achieved either by increasing the wellbore depth while reducing the injection mass flow rate, or by extending the wellbore's horizontal component. The outlet temperature in both the cases maintained at 275°C. This is the first time a superhot EGS site has been identified in Türkiye. © 2024 The Author(s)Article Citation - WoS: 29Citation - Scopus: 40Geothermal Resources for Sustainable Development: a Case Study(Wiley, 2022) Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyTurkey's primary energy source is fossil fuels, with a contribution of 55%. According to the International Energy Agency forecast, fossil fuels will continue to be the primary energy source for the next decade. The current CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based energy are 400 Mt. If the present energy usage trend continues, then the emissions will cross 500 Mt by 2030. However, Turkey has large scope to mitigate climate-related issues and follow sustainable development agenda by increasing the share of geothermal energy as a primary energy source mix. The country established a strong geothermal energy program in 1984 by installing a 17 MWe geothermal power plant in Kızıldere and made tremendous progress in this field. Currently, the power generation has crossed 1665 MWe. Turkey has drawn a new road map to enhance its primary energy source mix by developing its radiogenic granites (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) for power generation and carbon dioxide capture programs. This is an emerging technology that is being recommended for Turkey. Currently, France, Australia, and the United Kingdom are surging ahead in implementing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), and France has established a pilot power plant using EGS and generating 10 MWe. The United Kingdom will be starting its 3 MWe power plant. The hydrothermal source, in combination with Enhanced Geothermal Systems, can contain the annual CO2 emissions to 500 Mt and reduce the per-capita CO2 emissions to 4.5 tons annually. One of the greatest contributions to climate mitigation and sustainable development made by the geothermal industry is the sequestration of CO2 from the Kızıldere geothermal power plant for the manufacturıng of dry ice and use CO2 from the Tuzla geothermal power plant for minimizing scaling. This dry ice technology can be extended to the cement industry to capture 18 billion CO2 being emitted annually from clinker manufacturıng units. The dry ice will be useful in combating forest fires that are common in Turkey. The article discusses the new technological developments that Turkey is adopting to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals.Editorial Preface(CRC Press, 2023) Chandrasekharam, D.; Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology[No abstract available]Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 6A Sustainable Clean Energy Source for Mitigating Co<sub>2</Sub> Emissions: Numerical Simulation of Hamit Granitoid, Central Anatolian Massif(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Ayzit, Tolga; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Singh, Mrityunjay; Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyT & uuml;rkiye relies on coal-fired power plants for approximately 18 GW of annual electricity generation, with significantly higher CO2 emissions compared to geothermal power plants. On the other hand, geothermal energy resources, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and hydrothermal systems, offer low CO2 emissions and baseload power, making them attractive clean energy sources. Radiogenic granitoid, with high heat generation capacity, is a potential and cleaner energy source using EGS. The Anatolian plateau hosts numerous tectonic zones with plutonic rocks containing high concentrations of radioactive elements, such as the Central Anatolian Massif. This study evaluates the power generation capacity of the Hamit granitoid (HG) and presents a thermo-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) model for a closed-loop geothermal well for harnessing heat from this granitoid. A sensitivity analysis based on fluid injection rates and wellbore length emphasizes the importance of fluid resident time for effective heat extraction. Closed-loop systems pose fewer geomechanical risks than fractured systems and can be developed through site selection, system design, and monitoring. Geothermal wellbore casing material must withstand high temperatures, corrosive environments, and should have low thermal conductivity. The HG exhibits the highest heat generation capacity among Anatolian granitoid intrusions and offers potential for sustainable energy development through EGS, thereby reducing CO2 emissions.Book Enhanced Geothermal Systems (egs): the Future Energy-Road Ahead(CRC Press, 2023) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyPeter Meisen, Past President, Global Energy Network Institute, asked in 1997, “What if there was an existing, viable technology, that when developed to its highest potential could increase everyone’s standard of living, cut fossil fuel demand and the resultant pollution?" After 23 years of sustained effort by the global scientific community, this is becoming a reality. The technology to extract heat from granite has been revolutionized in the last few years. The classical method of creating fracture networks by hydrofracturing is being replaced by a closed-loop method where fluids are not in contact with the hot granite. Supercritical CO2 is replacing water as a circulating fluid. Certainly, the future energy road is going to be led by highly radiogenic granites. While hydrothermal sources are site-specific and have their limitations, EGS can be initiated anywhere on earth. EGS is removing all such obstacles and, in the future, will provide uninterrupted electricity for all. Energy-deficient countries can have surplus electricity; water-stressed countries can have a perennial freshwater supply; and countries can become food-secure and rise above poverty levels. Countries need not depend on energy imports and can independently evolve into carbon neutral or low carbon societies. The contributions made by experts will help researchers and investors to close the energy demand and supply gap in the very near future by tapping the unlimited energy of the Earth. Opportunities available for investors in Turkey are well documented with field, geophysical, and geochemical data and information on the energy generating capacity of the granite intrusive spread over a cumulative area of 6,910 km2 in western Anatolia. With the signing of the Global Geothermal Alliance (GGA) by several countries during the December 2015 CoP 21 (Conference of Parties) summit in Paris, countries are obliged to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing the footprint of renewable energy in the primary source mix. Information provided in this book will lead the way to establishing a clean energy future for millions of people for sustainable development and help to mitigate crises arising due to food, water, and energy shortage issues. Academic and research institutes will benefit to a large extent from the expertise of the top contributors in this book. This information provided in this book will help to lay the foundation for super-hot EGS research in future. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Dornadula Chandrasekharam and Alper Baba.