Effects of Golden Thistle (scolymus Hispanicus L.) on Cytotoxic Activity: Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Properties on the Caco-2 Cell Line

Abstract

Cancer is a global concern for many individuals with high mortality rates, with colon cancer being the third most common diagnosed cancer worldwide. A phytochemical-rich diet is often recommended in the prevention and during the treatment of cancer cases. Golden thistle (GT) plant (Scolymus hispanicus L.) is a wild edible plant widely consumed in the Mediterranean countries. In this study, we aimed to obtain a hydromethanolic extract from three parts of the GT plant and test its antiproliferative activity in the CaCo-2 human adenocarcinoma cell line. Concentrations of the golden thistle extract (GTE) were used to treat CaCo-2 cells and the most significant reduction was detected with 4 mg/mL GTE after 72 h, with 78.3% decrease in cell viability (P < .05). Additionally, 4 mg/mL GTE caused 7.8-fold higher release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, indicating cell death after treatment. Flow cytometric analyses concluded both 3.3-fold higher early and late apoptotic activity of the 4 mg/mL GTE compared with the nontreated control group (P < .05). Last, 4 mg/mL GTE showed 24.1% reduction in the G1 phase and 38.1% increase in the S phase of cell cycle distribution. The alteration of G1 and S phases in the cell cycle led to growth reduction of CaCo-2 cells and caused apoptosis. Copyright