Şeker Pancarı Posasından Karbon Bazlı Fotokatalizörler ve Kuantum Noktalar: Sentez, Karakterizasyon ve Atık Su Arıtım Uygulamaları
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Sanayileşme ve fosil yakıtların aşırı kullanımı nedeniyle artan enerji talebi ve çevresel bozulma, emisyonlara, küresel ısınmaya ve kaynak yetersizliğine yol açmaktadır. Güneş ışığıyla çalışan sürdürülebilir bir yöntem olan fotokataliz, çevresel iyileştirme için umut verici bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır; ancak, uygulamaları kısıtlıdır. Bu bağlamda, biyokütlenin hidrotermal karbonlaştırılması (HTK) ile elde edilen hidrokömür, fotokatalitik aktiviteyi artırmak amacıyla destek malzemesi olarak kullanılabilir. Ayrıca HTK sürecinin organik açıdan zengin sıvı fazı, floresan özellik gösteren karbon kuantum noktalarının (KKN'ler) sentezinde öncül olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu tezde, şeker pancarı endüstrisine ait tarımsal atıklardan HTK yoluyla elde edilen katı ve sıvı fazların tamamımın kullanıldığı sıfır atık yaklaşımıyla fotokatalizörler ve KKN'ler geliştirilmiştir. HTK deneyleri, sıcaklık (200-260 °C), süre (60-10 dakika) ve biyokütle miktarı (10-20 g) değişkenlerini incelemek üzere Box-Behnken deney tasarımıyla planlanmıştır. Elde edilen hidrokömür destekli g-CN fotokatalizörü, şeker endüstrisine ait atık suyun arıtımında kullanılmış ve pH (4-8), katalizör dozu (0.2-1 g/L) ve H2O2 konsantrasyonu (0-20 mM) gibi parametreler yine Box-Behnken yöntemiyle optimize edilmiştir. Hidrokömür, fotokatalizörler ve KKN'ler FTIR, BET, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX, PL ve UV-Vis ile karakterize edilmiştir. En yüksek hidrokömür verimi (%36,74), 200 °C'de 60 dakika reaksiyonla ve 20 g biyokütle kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. En yüksek TOK ve KOİ giderim oranları sırasıyla %14,02 and %23,94 olup, pH 8'de, 20 mM H2O2 varlığında 0.05 g HC ve 0.81 g/L katalizör dozu ile sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, hidrokömür katkısı, fotokatalizörün yeniden kullanılabilirliğini artırarak sürdürülebilir atık su arıtımı için potansiyelini ortaya koymuştur.
Rising energy demand and environmental degradation due to industrialization and fossil fuel overuse causes emissions, warming, and shortages. Photocatalysis, a sustainable method driven by sunlight, offers a promising approach for environmental remediation, although its practical applications are restricted. In this regard, hydrochar obtained from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass can be utilized as supporting material to enhance photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the organically rich aqueous phase of HTC can serve as precursors to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which are known as promising fluorescent nanomaterials. The thesis provides a zero-waste approach by utilizing both mentioned phases resulting in HTC of agricultural waste from the sugar beet industry to develop photocatalysts and CQDs. Sugar beet pulp used as biomass source during HTC experiments which were designed by Box-Behnken experimental matrix to examine the temperature (200-260 °C), reaction time (60-120 min), and biomass amount (10-20 g). Hydrochar supported g-CN was used for wastewater treatment of sugar industry via photocatalytic oxidation again using Box-Behnken design to optimize process parameters such as pH (4-8), catalyst loading (0.2-1 g/L), and H2O2 (0-20 mM). Hydrochars, photocatalysts and CQDs were analyzed with FTIR, BET, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX, PL, and UV-Vis. The highest hydrochar yield was 36.74% at 200 °C for 60 min using 20g biomass, while the maximum TOC and COD removal rates were 14.02% and 23.94%, respectively, using 0.05 g HC with 0.81 g/L catalyst loading at pH 8 with 20 mM H2O2. Hydrochar addition also improved reusability of photocatalyst, indicating its potential for sustainable wastewater treatment.
Rising energy demand and environmental degradation due to industrialization and fossil fuel overuse causes emissions, warming, and shortages. Photocatalysis, a sustainable method driven by sunlight, offers a promising approach for environmental remediation, although its practical applications are restricted. In this regard, hydrochar obtained from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass can be utilized as supporting material to enhance photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the organically rich aqueous phase of HTC can serve as precursors to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which are known as promising fluorescent nanomaterials. The thesis provides a zero-waste approach by utilizing both mentioned phases resulting in HTC of agricultural waste from the sugar beet industry to develop photocatalysts and CQDs. Sugar beet pulp used as biomass source during HTC experiments which were designed by Box-Behnken experimental matrix to examine the temperature (200-260 °C), reaction time (60-120 min), and biomass amount (10-20 g). Hydrochar supported g-CN was used for wastewater treatment of sugar industry via photocatalytic oxidation again using Box-Behnken design to optimize process parameters such as pH (4-8), catalyst loading (0.2-1 g/L), and H2O2 (0-20 mM). Hydrochars, photocatalysts and CQDs were analyzed with FTIR, BET, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX, PL, and UV-Vis. The highest hydrochar yield was 36.74% at 200 °C for 60 min using 20g biomass, while the maximum TOC and COD removal rates were 14.02% and 23.94%, respectively, using 0.05 g HC with 0.81 g/L catalyst loading at pH 8 with 20 mM H2O2. Hydrochar addition also improved reusability of photocatalyst, indicating its potential for sustainable wastewater treatment.
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Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
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checked on Apr 30, 2026
