Novel Electrospun-Based Extractive Probes for Rapid Determination of Clinically Important Compounds in Human Plasma

Abstract

Background: Coated blade spray (CBS) represents an innovative approach that utilizes solid-phase microextraction principles for sampling and sample preparation. When combined with ambient mass spectrometry (MS), it can also serve as an electrospray ionization source. Therefore, it became a promising tool in analytical applications as it can significantly reduce the analysis time. However, the current CBS coatings are based on the immobilization of extractive particles in bulk polymeric glue, which constrains the diffusion of the analytes to reach the extractive phase; therefore, the full reward of the system cannot be taken at pre-equilibrium. This has sparked the notion of developing new CBS probes that exhibit enhanced kinetics. Results: With this aim, to generate a new extractive phase with improved extraction kinetics, poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) nanoparticles were synthesized by mini-emulsion polymerization and then immobilized into sub-micrometer (in diameter) sized polyacrylonitrile fibers which were obtained by electrospinning method. Following the optimization and characterization studies, the electrospun-coated blades were used to determine cholesterol, testosterone, and progesterone in plasma spots using the CBS-MS approach. For testosterone and progesterone, 10 ng mL−1 limits of quantification could be obtained, which was 200 ng mL−1 for cholesterol in spot-sized samples without including any pre-treatment steps to samples prior to extraction. Significance: The comparison of the initial kinetics for dip-coated and electrospun-coated CBS probes proved that the electrospinning process could enhance the extraction kinetics; therefore, it can be used for more sensitive analyses. The total analysis time with this method, from sample preparation to instrumental analysis, takes only 7 min, which suggests that the new probes are promising for fast diagnostic applications. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.