Pergamondaki Gymnasium'un Doğu Hamamının Taş Duvarlarındaki Bozulma Problemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
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Antik yapılar, bütünlüklerini tehdit eden sürekli bozunma süreçleriyle karşı karşıyadır; bu gerçek koruma kararlarında mutlaka göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu çalışma, Pergamon Gymnasiumu'nun Doğu Hamamı'ndaki andezit taş duvarlarda görülen bozulmaları mirasın korunumu perspektifiyle inceler. Uzun süreli atmosferik etkilenime açık yerüstü bölümler, yeraltındaki kalıntılardan farklı bozulma örüntüleri sergiler. Başlıca mekanizmalar tuz kristalleşmesi, don-çözülme döngüleri ve biyolojik kolonizasyondur; nem ve ısıl gerilmeler zamanla yapısal dayanımı zayıflatır. Saha çalışmalarında çatlaklar, yüzey erozyonu, biyolojik gelişim ve malzeme kaybı gibi bozulma biçimleri kaydedilmiş; bunlar Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) yüzyılı aşkın arşiv görselleriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bozulmanın mekânsal ve zamansal örüntülerini nicel olarak ortaya koymak için ICOMOS-ISCS standartları ile CBS (GIS) ve fotogrametri gibi sayısal haritalama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, özellikle nem tutulumunun tuz kaynaklı hasarı hızlandırdığı apsis yüzeylerinde ayrılma ve renk değişiminin baskın olduğunu gösterir. Mikroiklim koşullarına açık kuzeybatı duvarlarındaki kesme taşlarda malzeme kaybı belirgindir; gölgeli güneydoğu cephelerinde ise biyolojik kolonizasyon yoğunlaşır. Oda 9 (Frigidarium) ve Oda 7 (Tepidarium), nem sızması ve tuz taşınımıyla ilişkili en yüksek bozulma yoğunluklarına sahip yüksek riskli alanlar olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Doğu Hamamı'ndaki bozulma çevresel etkenler, malzeme özellikleri ve mimari kurgunun bileşik etkisiyle şekillenmektedir. Tarihsel görsellerin çağdaş dijital tanılama ile bütünleştirilmesi, arkeolojik alanlarda taş bozunmasını uzun erimde izlemek için yinelenebilir bir çerçeve sunar.
Ancient structures face persistent weathering threats that compromise their integrity, and this must be taken into consideration. This study evaluates the deterioration processes affecting the andesite stone walls of the East Bath within the Gymnasium complex in Pergamon, with a focus on heritage preservation. The prolonged atmospheric exposure of these above-ground structures has resulted in deterioration patterns that differ from those of the subsurface remains. Key degradation mechanisms include salt crystallisation, freeze-thaw cycles and biological colonisation. Humidity and thermal stress contribute to structural weakening over extended periods. Field surveys documented forms of deterioration, including cracks, surface erosion, biological growth and material loss, which were then correlated with a century of archival records from the German Archaeological Institute. Standardised ICOMOS-ISCS classifications and digital mapping techniques, such as GIS and photogrammetry, were used to quantify the spatial and temporal weathering patterns across the architectural elements. The findings identified detachment and discolouration as dominant forms of deterioration, particularly on apse surfaces where moisture retention accelerates salt-related damage. Cut stones on north-west walls exhibited severe material loss due microclimatic exposure, while biological colonisation thrived on shaded south-eastern façades. Rooms 9 (the Frigidarium) and 7 (the Tepidarium) were identified as high-risk zones, displaying the highest density of deterioration linked to moisture infiltration and salt migration. In conclusion, weathering at the East Bath is the result of a combination of environmental, material and architectural factors. Integrating historical imagery with contemporary digital diagnostics establishes a replicable framework for the long-term monitoring of stone decay in archaeological contexts.
Ancient structures face persistent weathering threats that compromise their integrity, and this must be taken into consideration. This study evaluates the deterioration processes affecting the andesite stone walls of the East Bath within the Gymnasium complex in Pergamon, with a focus on heritage preservation. The prolonged atmospheric exposure of these above-ground structures has resulted in deterioration patterns that differ from those of the subsurface remains. Key degradation mechanisms include salt crystallisation, freeze-thaw cycles and biological colonisation. Humidity and thermal stress contribute to structural weakening over extended periods. Field surveys documented forms of deterioration, including cracks, surface erosion, biological growth and material loss, which were then correlated with a century of archival records from the German Archaeological Institute. Standardised ICOMOS-ISCS classifications and digital mapping techniques, such as GIS and photogrammetry, were used to quantify the spatial and temporal weathering patterns across the architectural elements. The findings identified detachment and discolouration as dominant forms of deterioration, particularly on apse surfaces where moisture retention accelerates salt-related damage. Cut stones on north-west walls exhibited severe material loss due microclimatic exposure, while biological colonisation thrived on shaded south-eastern façades. Rooms 9 (the Frigidarium) and 7 (the Tepidarium) were identified as high-risk zones, displaying the highest density of deterioration linked to moisture infiltration and salt migration. In conclusion, weathering at the East Bath is the result of a combination of environmental, material and architectural factors. Integrating historical imagery with contemporary digital diagnostics establishes a replicable framework for the long-term monitoring of stone decay in archaeological contexts.
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Mimarlık, Architecture
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checked on May 03, 2026

