Risk Assessment for Children's Exposure to Trace Elements Via Dust
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Date
2025
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01. Izmir Institute of Technology
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Abstract
Çocuklar, ev, çocuk parkı ve sokak tozu ve toprağın diyet dışı sindirimi ve solunması yoluyla iç ve dış mekanlarda eser elementlere maruz kalabilirler. Bu maruziyet yolları, elllerini ağızlarına götürmeleri nedeniyle kritik olabilir. Bu çalışma, literatürden ölçülen seviyeleri derleyerek Türkiye genelinde toprak ve tozdaki eser element konsantrasyonlarını ve Türk çocuklarında maruziyeti ve ilişkili kanser ve kronik toksik riskleri değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Türkiye genelinde 20 yerde toplam 43 çalışmada 14 element düzeyleri bildirilmiştir. Maruziyet senaryoları (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, ve 95th yüzdelikler) oluşturularak ilişkili riskler hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama sindirim kronik toksik riski çocuk parkı tozunda sırasıyla Cd, Co, Cr (VI) için 4,3, 2,8 ve 2,1; toprakta Cd, Ni ve Sb için 5,2, 1,4 ve 1,2; sokak tozunda Co, As, Cd ve Mn için 7,3, 5,9, 2,3 ve 1,1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama sindirim As, Cr (VI), Pb kanser riski toprak ve sokak tozu için sırasıyla 1.4×10-5, 3.6×10-6, 1.1×10-6 ve 1.5×10-4, 2.8×10-6, 9.5×10-7 olarak bulunurken çocuk parkı tozu için 10-6 ile 10-7 arasında kalmıştır. Eşik değer olan '1'in iki katından yüksek kronik toksik riskler ve >1.0×10-5 olan kanser riskleri dikkate alınması gereken düzeyler olup Türk çocukları için toprak/toza maruziyetin önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Children may be exposed to trace elements indoors and outdoors through non-dietary ingestion and inhalation of house, playground, and street dust and soil. These exposure pathways may be critical due to their hand-to-mouth behavior. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of trace elements in soil and dust throughout Türkiye by compiling measured levels from the literature, and to estimate exposure and associated cancer and chronic-toxic risks to Turkish children. A total of 43 studies reported 14 elements in 20 locations throughout in Türkiye. Exposure scenarios, namely 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile, were constructed. The mean ingestion chronic-toxic risk for playground dust Cd, Co, Cr (VI) were 4.3, 2.8, and 2.1, respectively. For soil, average ingestion chronic-toxic risk of Cd, Ni, and Sb were 5.2, 1.4, and 1.2, while for Co, As, Cd, and Mn in street dust it was 7.3, 5.9, 2.3, and 1.1. The mean cancer risk of soil As, Cr (VI), and Pb were 1.4×10-5, 3.6×10-6, 1.1×10-6, and of street dust were 1.5×10-4, 2.8×10-6, 9.5×10-7 while of playground it was between 10-7 and 10-6. Estimated chronic-toxic risks above 2-folds the threshold of 1 and cancer risks that are >1.0×10-5 are considerably high, indicating exposure to soil/dust is of importance for Turkish children.
Children may be exposed to trace elements indoors and outdoors through non-dietary ingestion and inhalation of house, playground, and street dust and soil. These exposure pathways may be critical due to their hand-to-mouth behavior. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of trace elements in soil and dust throughout Türkiye by compiling measured levels from the literature, and to estimate exposure and associated cancer and chronic-toxic risks to Turkish children. A total of 43 studies reported 14 elements in 20 locations throughout in Türkiye. Exposure scenarios, namely 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile, were constructed. The mean ingestion chronic-toxic risk for playground dust Cd, Co, Cr (VI) were 4.3, 2.8, and 2.1, respectively. For soil, average ingestion chronic-toxic risk of Cd, Ni, and Sb were 5.2, 1.4, and 1.2, while for Co, As, Cd, and Mn in street dust it was 7.3, 5.9, 2.3, and 1.1. The mean cancer risk of soil As, Cr (VI), and Pb were 1.4×10-5, 3.6×10-6, 1.1×10-6, and of street dust were 1.5×10-4, 2.8×10-6, 9.5×10-7 while of playground it was between 10-7 and 10-6. Estimated chronic-toxic risks above 2-folds the threshold of 1 and cancer risks that are >1.0×10-5 are considerably high, indicating exposure to soil/dust is of importance for Turkish children.
Description
Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering, Izmir, 2025
Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 102-112)
Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English
Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 102-112)
Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English
Keywords
Trace element., Trace elements in the body
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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126

