Modelling and Analysis of Heat Pump Integrated Photovoltaics-Wind Systems for an Agricultural Greenhouse in Turkey

Abstract

This study focused on modelling and analysing photovoltaics and wind systems to meet the heating demand of a commercial greenhouse. The aim is to evaluate technical, economic, and environmental performances of the related systems and to determine the optimum configuration. A novel approach was introduced by integrating hybrid energy systems with large-scale wind turbines and developing a dynamic heat transfer model. A large commercial greenhouse with an area of 26,640 m2 located in Izmir, Turkey was selected for considering Mediterranean climate, and a detailed heat transfer model of the greenhouse were developed considering heat transfers by convection, radiation, ventilation, and infiltration. A combination of air source heat pumps, photovoltaic panels and wind turbines were used for meeting the heating demand of the related greenhouse. Five different on-grid energy systems scenarios, namely (i) Photovoltaics-Heat Pump, (ii) Photovoltaics-Wind Turbine- Heat Pump, (iii) Wind Turbine- Photovoltaics- Heat Pump (iv) Wind Turbine- Heat Pump, and (v) only Heat Pump were considered. The system modelling with a detailed heat transfer analysis of the greenhouse was made by MATLAB. The energy analysis of the systems was performed on an hourly basis for one calendar year. The annual heating demand and the corresponding electricity consumption of the greenhouse were calculated as 497.37 and 114.07 kWh/m2, respectively. Net Present Value, Levelized Cost of Energy and CO2 savings were used to evaluate economic and environmental performances of the systems. Among five on-grid energy system scenarios, the first scenario, consisting of 5271 photovoltaic panels and 20 heat pumps, emerged as the most economically attractive choice with Net Present Value and Levelized Cost of Energy of $547,440.40 and 0.080146 $/kWh, respectively. Critical parameters affecting the economy of this scenario were found to be electricity prices, tomato yield, and photovoltaic panel prices. For environmental evaluation the fourth scenario, integrating wind turbines and heat pumps, achieves the highest CO2 savings of 2,064.73 tons due to increased renewable electricity production and lower life-cycle CO2 emissions of wind turbines compared to photovoltaic systems. This analysis enhanced the understanding of energy dynamics in greenhouse environments, contributing to the advancement of sustainable practices in agriculture. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd