Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Structural Vulnerability of Ancient Dry Masonry Towers Under Lateral Loading(Elsevier, 2020) Gençer, Funda; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Aktaş, EnginUnderstanding how the original characteristics contribute to the structural behaviour of antique structures should be the initial stage of planning for conservation work. This study aims to identify the structural behaviour of dry masonry towers under lateral loadings, so that the decision-making process when determining their restoration can be adequately supported. Dry masonry towers in ancient Caria, Pamphylia, and Cilicia Regions are examined. Each of these three areas have very different seismic characteristics. A hypothetical testing process was designed by combining different characteristics from each of the towers. As a result, the characteristics affecting the structural resistance were determined as; the staggering ratio, the stone depth, the ratio between block length and height, the proportional relationship between height and length, the area, number and position of openings, and the distribution of header stones. These characteristics all interact together to determine the failure mechanism; so, understanding this interaction is critical when considering conservation. © 2020 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 6Impacts of Tourism-Led Constructions on Geoheritage Sites: the Case of Gilindire Cave(Springer, 2020) Aydın, Rozelin; Yüceer, HülyaGeological heritage sites are of great importance both for better understanding of the formation of the earth and for transferring its memory to future generations. People's curiosity to access this information leads to tourism activity, in which caves constitute a significant place as sources of geotouristic attractions. In the case of Turkey, caves can also be considered as the major source of tourist attractions and thus economic gain providers for local communities. Focusing on the contribution of tourism to the economy, most local authorities allow tourism activity for the caves without adequate research. This leads to the construction of buildings for the needs of visitors and the installation of walking pathways, ladders, and luminaires inside the caves, which are in most cases harmful to cave ecosystems. Located on the Mediterranean coastline of Turkey, Gilindire Cave presents such a case. Unlike other caves in Turkey, it is among three caves that were found to occur in the Cambrian limestone caves literature. Thus, any data to be detected in this environment is of scientific importance. However, service buildings constructed in the upper elevation of the cave and visitor stairs and luminaires installed in the interior constitute major threats to accessing this valuable information. In this context, the study aims to examine the caves in the scope of geotourism and tourism-led constructions through the example of Gilindire Cave. As a result, the study underpins the importance of diligent investigation of cave ecosystems prior to any tourism-led activity and principles for the service structures to be built in such geoheritage sites.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 10Interior Plastering of Ottoman Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) İpekci, Emre; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanOttoman baths were peculiar buildings with their function in community life, architectural characteristics and material use. Their interior spaces were exposed to high humidity and temperatures that made the building structure vulnerable to physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological degradations. Plasters used on the interior wall surfaces were the most important agents to protect the structure from deterioration and provide durability. This study aims to exhibit the plaster characteristics of Çinili Bath in İstanbul which was an outstanding example of Ottoman baths and built by Great Architect Sinan. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of original brick-lime plasters called as horasan (khorasan) plasters used on the walls were determined by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application together with the use of glazed tiles were observed on the wall surfaces of all interior spaces. The plasters were produced from pure lime and pozzolanic crushed brick or tile aggregates and hydraulic because of the pozzolanic properties of aggregates. They are stiff, compact and durable in hot and humid conditions of bath buildings due to their self-healing properties and the formation of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates at the lime-brick interfaces and in the pores of the pozzolanic brick aggregates by the reaction of lime. Characteristics of brick aggregates were compared with the construction bricks used in the building. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions revealed that the aggregates had not been produced from construction bricks. All the results indicated that brick-lime plasters were the most suitable materials for bath buildings to protect the structure from the effect of water. © 2019 The AuthorsArticle Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 12Effect of Urban Transformation on the Values of Historic Sites Around Mosques: Two Cases in Manisa, Turkey(Higher Education Press Limited Company, 2020) Büyükkılıç Koşun, Suna; Turan, MineThis study presents a framework for assessing the cultural asset values of historic sites around mosques. Case studies are selected from provinces of Manisa, Turkey, namely, Çarşı in Salihli with its new urban development and Pazaryeri in Gördes that is abandoned and currently considered as an archaeological site. Literature review, archive research, historical research, comparative study, and site survey are carried out to evaluate the urban development of site neighborhoods with a retrospective perspective. An approach presenting the effects of urban transformations on the cultural asset values of the historic neighborhood centers is proposed. The cases reveal that the urban aesthetic is nearly all lost today, but the holiness of each site preserves its authenticity while the historic land use is sustained. Their preservation problems are lack of maintenance and abandonment due to disasters, illegal interventions, inappropriate development plans, and unsuitable restoration approaches. The principles proposed for managing these historic environments consider their cultural asset values in relation to urban history, development of coherent strategies for their presentation, and participation of all actors to their preservation and development. © 2020 The AuthorsArticle Citation - WoS: 19Citation - Scopus: 20Execution Technique and Pigment Characteristics of Byzantine Wall Paintings of Anaia Church in Western Anatolia(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Demir, Serap; Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, HasanIn this study, material characteristics of wall paintings executed in 11th Century Byzantine Church located in archaeological site of Anaia (Turkey) were investigated to provide historical information of the painting techniques. For this purpose, physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of the paintings were determined by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive spectroscopy and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis. Analysis results indicated that the paintings were executed using lime-secco technique. In this technique, pigments were mixed with lime and applied on a smooth plaster layer. Pigments used were mainly iron oxides for red, yellow and purple paintings, aluminosilicates such as celadonite for green paintings and lazurite for dark blue paintings.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 10Physicochemical Properties of Glass Tesserae in Roman Terrace House From Ancient Antandros (base Glass, Opacifiers and Colorants)(Ege Üniversitesi, 2017) Kaplan, Zişan; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn this study, material characteristics of glass mosaic tesserae from Antandros ancient city, western Turkey, were investigated. The main objective of this study was to determine the compositional group of the glass tesserae. Their color, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics were determined using colorimeter, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope. The results show that all the Antandros glasses were produced by using coastal sand as Levantine I glasses and exhibit similar compositions with natron type glasses (Roman type glasses), except for lower natron levels. Lower natron levels indicate that Antandros mosaic glass may have been produced in 7th century AD or natron may have been provided from a new flux source due to the shortage of Egyptian mineral soda or due to economic reasons glass manufacturers succeeded to produce same glass with low flux addition. Antandros glass tesserae were all opacified with antimony oxides and colored with transition metal oxides which are common used in Roman Period.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Photogrammetric Evaluation Options of an Ancient Monument for Different Survey Levels(Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Uygun, Funda; Turan, Mine; Ocalı, OganRecently, for the purpose of data management, more advanced digital data are required for different survey levels of irregular ancient monuments. For irregularly formed monuments and amorphous surfaces, 2D photographs and 2D measured surveys are inadequate to illustrate the condition of the building for condition reports or relationships between components and materials for structural surveys and conservation decisions, especially in archeological remains. However, image-based documentation techniques can be used as simple tools for different types of surveys due to their ease of use and fast and economical properties. Therefore, the aim of the study is to test multi-image photogrammetric documentation techniques to improve and standardize visual data appending condition reports and further detailed reports regarding conservation of irregular ancient monuments.In the literature, there are many studies about image-based documentation techniques. However, the innovation of the study is to provide an improvement of the pipeline of condition and structural surveys of irregular ancient monuments by making use of photogrammetric techniques.In order to measure the effects of the relationship between the type of documentation technique and survey level on the photogrammetric documentation process of an ancient monument, a series of experiments were designed and the results compared. For this purpose, automated image orientation packages Autodesk 123D and Photosynth and manual image orientation package Tgi3D were evaluated in terms of process time, reliability and level of detail to identify appropriate techniques for different survey levels.This study proved that documentation of the structural characteristics of ancient monuments can be achieved successfully with the Tgi3D package, which has manual workflows. The documentation results might support structural intervention decisions. The 3D models based on automatic workflows might support a preliminary condition survey, since their production takes a relatively short time and scaled models are acceptable for identifying mass characteristics.Article Citation - WoS: 74Citation - Scopus: 85A Transdisciplinary Approach on the Energy Efficient Retrofitting of a Historic Building in the Aegean Region of Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2015) Şahin, Cem Doğan; Durmuş Arsan, Zeynep; Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; Broström, Tor; Gökçen Akkurt, GüldenAbstract Buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union, yet at the same time they have considerable energy saving potentials. Historic buildings should be treated different from contemporary ones when it comes to energy improvements. The specifications which underline historical, sociocultural and architectural values require certain care during realization of energy saving implementations to sustain these values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the energy efficient retrofitting in historic buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary approach with a case study conducted on the historic building in ̄zmir - Turkey. A detailed building energy simulation tool was used to determine the impacts of energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of case building was based on the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the cultural heritage values, were eliminated with a transdisciplinary approach. Later appropriate retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving of more than 34% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 10Assessment of Construction Techniques and Material Usage in Izmir Rural Houses(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; İnceköse, Ülkü; Akış, Tonguç; Yalçın, Mehmet AliThe domestic architecture in the rural villages of ̄zmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 9Reconstruction of Archaeological Sites: Principles Practice and Evaluation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; Laroche, DidierThe reconstruction works at archaeological sites need to be approached with caution to prevent disturbing any surviving evidence. This study aims to develop criteria for the evaluation of reconstructions at archaeological sites. The criteria have been developed through review of current international and national conservation charters to help improve reconstruction proposals. These criteria are determined considering the remain scale and the site scale. Accuracy of the reconstruction, avoidance of physical damage, compatibility of materials, distinguishability of the interventions, availability of the interventions for future applications, and reversibility are the criteria concerning the remain scale; limits of the intervention, retainability of the original characteristics of the site, and perception of the reconstruction are the criteria concerning the site scale. These criteria are applied to the reconstruction works realized at the West Stoa of Agora, zmir, Turkey during 1930s, which had to be dismissed and reimplemented in 2000s. The recent reconstruction was applied with compatible materials; the interventions did not damage the original materials and they are distinguishable. This study of the reconstruction presents the latest architectural information, provides a basis for future studies, and is reversible. The reconstructed structure does not falsify the original characteristics, but enables increased perception of the site.
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