Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
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Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 6Revisiting the Conditions of Authenticity for Built Heritage in Areas of Conflict(Mdpi, 2021) Saifi, Yara; Yüceer, Hulya; Hurol, YoncaThis article examines the application of conditions of authenticity within the context of built heritage management in areas of political conflict, where heritage management can be seen as a political act rather than a means of protection. It focuses on values attributed to built heritage that can be targeted or reinvented by the dominant power in areas of conflict with minorities being powerless to intervene. The argument is built around the Agios Synesios Church in North Cyprus, which continued to be used by the Greek Cypriot minority following the island division in 1974. Although their way of life has been compromised, they have embraced forced change through using the church to maintain their ritual and religious practices; by doing so, they negotiate their values towards their heritage. In this case, the study shows that the conditions of authenticity are difficult to meet, given the means through which heritage management can be manipulated. Accordingly, the article aims to contribute to general discussions on the vagueness and enigmatic conditions of authenticity in areas of conflict. Different buildings in areas of conflict around the world suffer because of the political nature of heritage management, which makes the criteria of authenticity unviable.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 6Impacts of Tourism-Led Constructions on Geoheritage Sites: the Case of Gilindire Cave(Springer, 2020) Aydın, Rozelin; Yüceer, HülyaGeological heritage sites are of great importance both for better understanding of the formation of the earth and for transferring its memory to future generations. People's curiosity to access this information leads to tourism activity, in which caves constitute a significant place as sources of geotouristic attractions. In the case of Turkey, caves can also be considered as the major source of tourist attractions and thus economic gain providers for local communities. Focusing on the contribution of tourism to the economy, most local authorities allow tourism activity for the caves without adequate research. This leads to the construction of buildings for the needs of visitors and the installation of walking pathways, ladders, and luminaires inside the caves, which are in most cases harmful to cave ecosystems. Located on the Mediterranean coastline of Turkey, Gilindire Cave presents such a case. Unlike other caves in Turkey, it is among three caves that were found to occur in the Cambrian limestone caves literature. Thus, any data to be detected in this environment is of scientific importance. However, service buildings constructed in the upper elevation of the cave and visitor stairs and luminaires installed in the interior constitute major threats to accessing this valuable information. In this context, the study aims to examine the caves in the scope of geotourism and tourism-led constructions through the example of Gilindire Cave. As a result, the study underpins the importance of diligent investigation of cave ecosystems prior to any tourism-led activity and principles for the service structures to be built in such geoheritage sites.Article Kent İçi Arkeolojik Alanlarda Katmanlaşmanın Analizi ve Koruma Sorunları: Foça Örneği(Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2018) Taşcı, Burcu; Akyüz Levi, EtiFoça Batı Anadolu’da Prehistorik dönemden başlayarak Arkaik, Klasik, Helenistik, Roma, Bizans, Ceneviz kolonisi ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde sürekli iskân görmüş, çok katmanlı bir yerleşimdir. Kentte arkeolojik kazı çalışmaları 20. yüzyıl başından günümüze aralıklarla devam etmektedir. Üçüncü dönem kazı çalışmaları Prof. Dr. Ömer Özyiğit başkanlığında 1989 yılından beri sürmektedir. Modern Foça kenti, tarihi yaklaşık M.Ö. 3000’lere dek uzanan antik Phokaia kentinin üstünde bir katman olarak bulunmakta ve kazı çalışmaları da kent içi arkeolojik alanlarda yoğunlaşmaktadır. Kentin tarihi katmanlaşmasında en üst tabaka olarak Osmanlı dönemi sivil mimarlık örnekleri öne çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte modern kent dokusunu az katlı, niteliksiz betonarme yapılar oluşturmaktadır. Kentte ilk sit kararlarının belirlendiği 1977 yılından günümüze dek sit sınırları pek çok kez değişmiş ve bu durum yeni yapılaşmanın önünü açmıştır. Özellikle turizmin ve ikincil konut yapımının artması ise kültür varlıklarına zarar vermiştir. Bu olumsuz durum kent içi arkeolojik alanlarda katmanlaşmanın zarar görmemesi için farklı yaklaşımlara gereksinim duyulduğunu göstermektedir. Kentsel arkeoloji çalışmaları bu gereksinime yanıt verecek nitelikte olup, kapsamlı tarih araştırmaları ile desteklenen kazı çalışmalarında ortaya çıkan verilerin, kentlerin koruma, planlama ve gelişim süreçlerine eklenmesini öngörmektedir.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 10Assessment of Construction Techniques and Material Usage in Izmir Rural Houses(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; İnceköse, Ülkü; Akış, Tonguç; Yalçın, Mehmet AliThe domestic architecture in the rural villages of ̄zmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 9Reconstruction of Archaeological Sites: Principles Practice and Evaluation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; Laroche, DidierThe reconstruction works at archaeological sites need to be approached with caution to prevent disturbing any surviving evidence. This study aims to develop criteria for the evaluation of reconstructions at archaeological sites. The criteria have been developed through review of current international and national conservation charters to help improve reconstruction proposals. These criteria are determined considering the remain scale and the site scale. Accuracy of the reconstruction, avoidance of physical damage, compatibility of materials, distinguishability of the interventions, availability of the interventions for future applications, and reversibility are the criteria concerning the remain scale; limits of the intervention, retainability of the original characteristics of the site, and perception of the reconstruction are the criteria concerning the site scale. These criteria are applied to the reconstruction works realized at the West Stoa of Agora, zmir, Turkey during 1930s, which had to be dismissed and reimplemented in 2000s. The recent reconstruction was applied with compatible materials; the interventions did not damage the original materials and they are distinguishable. This study of the reconstruction presents the latest architectural information, provides a basis for future studies, and is reversible. The reconstructed structure does not falsify the original characteristics, but enables increased perception of the site.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Protection of Archaeological Remains in the Yortanli Dam Reservoir in Turkey(Routledge, 2013) Turan, Mine; Arısoy, Yalçın; Nuhoğlu, Ayhan; Erturan, Yusuf PerçinThis study discussed conflicts in a large-scale development project realized in an archaeological area. The dam reservoir of Yortanli constructed as a part of a contemporary irrigation project in Western Turkey conflicted with the antique settlement of Allianoi, which had developed in the same area around a natural thermal spring in the 2nd century ad. The aim was to present the protection decisions and implementations related with the archaeological site of Allianoi in the Yortanl Dam Reservoir so that monitoring and criticism of its consequences can be possible in the future. The tools of the three disciplines, hydraulic engineering, structural engineering and conservation, were emphasized. The following conclusions were derived: The understanding of the protection-development conflict of archaeological heritage-dam relations in the case of Allianoi-Yortanl necessitates the evaluation of its legal, administrative, technical, and managerial aspects with all related governmental and non-governmental parts. The presented evaluation provides an opportunity for the discussion of the validity of the protection intervention, which is reburial of the remains prior to water retention in the dam, within an international framework. The presentation of the details of the protection process may facilitate the monitoring and criticism of its consequences in the future.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 7Dampness Problems in a Historic House in Izmir, Turkey(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2009) Yardım, Bülent; Tunçoku, Selim SarpThe study, as a preliminary stage of the restoration work of a historic house from Levantine ages of Izmir in the nineteenth century, involves the examination of the dampness basement problems. Moisture contents and temperature of the wall surfaces were monitored by non-destructive techniques, such as direct measurements of electrical conductivity and infrared thermography. The results were evaluated in the light of physical properties, moisture, and soluble salt types and contents in the materials, outdoor, and indoor climatic conditions, layout of the site, and architectural features of the building. In addition to rising damp and lack of sufficient ventilation for years, some faulty details along the intersections with the terraces of the neighbor buildings, and intersection with the asphalt coated street and the basement windows that gave way for rainwater leaks were the other sources of dampness. Some cool but relatively dry parts of the walls were found to be potential zones for dampness problem through condensation between midnight and early mornings, especially in winter.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 8Reducing Marble-So2 Reaction Rate by the Application of Certain Surfactants(Springer Verlag, 2003) Böke, Hasan; Gauri, K. LalSulfur dioxide (SO2), prevalent in the modern urban environment of industrial countries, attacks calcite (CaCO3) in marble. As a result, a gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) crust is produced at rain-sheltered surfaces while areas exposed to rain experience accelerated erosion. We have investigated the effect of certain surfactants as protective agents against SO2 attack. We report that the anions oxalate (C2O4-2) and oleate (C17H33COO-) from solutions of their highly soluble alkali salt species are able to replace carbonate (CO3-2) in calcite producing less reactive substrate of oxalate and oleate of calcium. Experiments to measure the protection obtained by these treatments were carried out in the laboratory and field conditions at nearly 1 ppm and 10 ppb SO2 concentrations, respectively. We found that these treatments provided significant protection to marble exposed in sheltered areas, up to 30% reduction of reaction rate by treatment with 2 × 10-4 M sodium oleate and up to 14% by a 2 × 10-3 M with potassium oxalate solutions, but become ineffective over long term exposure when applied to surfaces exposed to rain. Carrara marble was used in the reported study. Ion chromatography was the analytical tool, which allowed precise measurements of ionic concentrations of these salts, the amount of their uptake by marble, and the thickness of the gypsum crust. X-ray diffraction allowed determination of the new minerals formed at the marble surface by the treatment with surfactants.