Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23

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  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 171
    Characteristics of Brick Used as Aggregate in Historic Brick-Lime Mortars and Plasters
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2006) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu, Elif
    Mortars and plasters composed of a mixture of brick powder and lime have been used since ancient times due to their hydraulic properties. In this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of some historic Ottoman Bath brick-lime mortars and plasters were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, AFM, TGA and chemical analyses. The mineralogical and chemical compositions, microstructures, morphologies and pozzolanicities of the brick powders and fragments used as aggregates in the mortars and plasters were examined to find out the relationship between hydraulic properties of the mortars and the bricks. The characteristics of bricks used in the bath domes were also determined to investigate whether the brick aggregates used in mortar and plasters were prepared from these bricks. The results indicated that the mortars and plasters were hydraulic owing to the presence of crushed brick powders that have good pozzolanicity. The brick powders bad high pozzolanicity because they contained high amounts of calcium-poor clay minerals in their raw materials that were fired at low temperatures. On the other hand, bricks used in the domes had poor pozzolanicity with different mineralogical and chemical compositions from bricks used in mortars and plasters. Based on the results of the analysis, it was thought that the bricks manufactured with high amounts of clays were consciously chosen in the preparation of hydraulic mortars and plasters. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 20
    Citation - Scopus: 21
    Long Term Stability of Biodegradable Polymers on Building Limestone
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Kaplan, Zişan; Böke, Hasan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; İpekoğlu, Başak
    Synthetic polymers can be replaced by biodegradable ones as adhesives, water repellents and consolidants on the stone surfaces and facades of the historic buildings in their conservation to minimize future deterioration. In this study, the long-term stability of two biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-L-lactide (PLA), and an acrylic polymer (Paraloid B72) which is commonly used in conservation works of artefacts, were evaluated on limestone using a UV lamp-weathering chamber (up to 104 days) for future protection studies. Chemical and morphological changes induced by an accelerated weathering test were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Protection efficiency of the polymers was determined by the changes in color, capillary water absorption, static contact angle on limestone. Paraloid B72, PHB, and PLA coatings significantly increased hydrophobicity while decreasing capillarity water absorption and caused negligible change in the color of the limestone. Protection efficiencies of PLA and PHB polymers were almost the same as that of Paraloid B72, a widely used acrylic polymer. However, PLA and PHB seemed to be favorable polymers as protective agents due to their reversibility and biodegradability, low chromatic changes, good hydrophobic behavior and good stability to weathering in reducing the effects of outdoor exposure on limestone surfaces.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 16
    Citation - Scopus: 19
    An Evaluation of Decision-Making Process on Maintenance of Built Cultural Heritage: the Case of Visby, Sweden
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Eken, Esra; Taşcı, Burcu; Gustafsson, Christer
    Preventive conservation is a significant approach for the conservation of built cultural heritage. This approach aims to prevent major deteriorations through monitoring and a planned maintenance programme. Although Visby, as one of the most important world heritage sites of Sweden, has many governmental organizations for conservation, none has a particular focus on maintenance. This paper examines the perspective of the habitants about the maintenance of their dwellings in the World Heritage Site of Visby. In this context, a survey is carried out to determine the main tendency of the habitants regarding the maintenance of historic buildings inside the city walls. Thus, the survey requires not only quantitative methods based on statistical data, but also qualitative methods based on interpretative data. The questionnaire conducted with the owners and tenants is the primary data collection tool. Both the owners and the tenants agree with the necessity of a non-governmental organisation in Visby to provide advice on maintenance. Maintenance and regular monitoring prevent costlier and large-scale repairs and are essential to retaining the cultural significance of Visby. This study can be helpful for adopting the community's opinion to the regular maintenance programme and promoting cooperation between non-profit organizations and governmental organizations in cultural heritage.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 8
    Citation - Scopus: 10
    Interior Plastering of Ottoman Bath Buildings
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2019) İpekci, Emre; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan
    Ottoman baths were peculiar buildings with their function in community life, architectural characteristics and material use. Their interior spaces were exposed to high humidity and temperatures that made the building structure vulnerable to physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological degradations. Plasters used on the interior wall surfaces were the most important agents to protect the structure from deterioration and provide durability. This study aims to exhibit the plaster characteristics of Çinili Bath in İstanbul which was an outstanding example of Ottoman baths and built by Great Architect Sinan. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of original brick-lime plasters called as horasan (khorasan) plasters used on the walls were determined by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application together with the use of glazed tiles were observed on the wall surfaces of all interior spaces. The plasters were produced from pure lime and pozzolanic crushed brick or tile aggregates and hydraulic because of the pozzolanic properties of aggregates. They are stiff, compact and durable in hot and humid conditions of bath buildings due to their self-healing properties and the formation of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates at the lime-brick interfaces and in the pores of the pozzolanic brick aggregates by the reaction of lime. Characteristics of brick aggregates were compared with the construction bricks used in the building. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions revealed that the aggregates had not been produced from construction bricks. All the results indicated that brick-lime plasters were the most suitable materials for bath buildings to protect the structure from the effect of water. © 2019 The Authors
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 19
    Citation - Scopus: 20
    Execution Technique and Pigment Characteristics of Byzantine Wall Paintings of Anaia Church in Western Anatolia
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Demir, Serap; Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, Hasan
    In this study, material characteristics of wall paintings executed in 11th Century Byzantine Church located in archaeological site of Anaia (Turkey) were investigated to provide historical information of the painting techniques. For this purpose, physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of the paintings were determined by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive spectroscopy and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis. Analysis results indicated that the paintings were executed using lime-secco technique. In this technique, pigments were mixed with lime and applied on a smooth plaster layer. Pigments used were mainly iron oxides for red, yellow and purple paintings, aluminosilicates such as celadonite for green paintings and lazurite for dark blue paintings.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 9
    Citation - Scopus: 10
    Physicochemical Properties of Glass Tesserae in Roman Terrace House From Ancient Antandros (base Glass, Opacifiers and Colorants)
    (Ege Üniversitesi, 2017) Kaplan, Zişan; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan
    In this study, material characteristics of glass mosaic tesserae from Antandros ancient city, western Turkey, were investigated. The main objective of this study was to determine the compositional group of the glass tesserae. Their color, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics were determined using colorimeter, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope. The results show that all the Antandros glasses were produced by using coastal sand as Levantine I glasses and exhibit similar compositions with natron type glasses (Roman type glasses), except for lower natron levels. Lower natron levels indicate that Antandros mosaic glass may have been produced in 7th century AD or natron may have been provided from a new flux source due to the shortage of Egyptian mineral soda or due to economic reasons glass manufacturers succeeded to produce same glass with low flux addition. Antandros glass tesserae were all opacified with antimony oxides and colored with transition metal oxides which are common used in Roman Period.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 1
    Citation - Scopus: 1
    Photogrammetric Evaluation Options of an Ancient Monument for Different Survey Levels
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Uygun, Funda; Turan, Mine; Ocalı, Ogan
    Recently, for the purpose of data management, more advanced digital data are required for different survey levels of irregular ancient monuments. For irregularly formed monuments and amorphous surfaces, 2D photographs and 2D measured surveys are inadequate to illustrate the condition of the building for condition reports or relationships between components and materials for structural surveys and conservation decisions, especially in archeological remains. However, image-based documentation techniques can be used as simple tools for different types of surveys due to their ease of use and fast and economical properties. Therefore, the aim of the study is to test multi-image photogrammetric documentation techniques to improve and standardize visual data appending condition reports and further detailed reports regarding conservation of irregular ancient monuments.In the literature, there are many studies about image-based documentation techniques. However, the innovation of the study is to provide an improvement of the pipeline of condition and structural surveys of irregular ancient monuments by making use of photogrammetric techniques.In order to measure the effects of the relationship between the type of documentation technique and survey level on the photogrammetric documentation process of an ancient monument, a series of experiments were designed and the results compared. For this purpose, automated image orientation packages Autodesk 123D and Photosynth and manual image orientation package Tgi3D were evaluated in terms of process time, reliability and level of detail to identify appropriate techniques for different survey levels.This study proved that documentation of the structural characteristics of ancient monuments can be achieved successfully with the Tgi3D package, which has manual workflows. The documentation results might support structural intervention decisions. The 3D models based on automatic workflows might support a preliminary condition survey, since their production takes a relatively short time and scaled models are acceptable for identifying mass characteristics.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 74
    Citation - Scopus: 85
    A Transdisciplinary Approach on the Energy Efficient Retrofitting of a Historic Building in the Aegean Region of Turkey
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2015) Şahin, Cem Doğan; Durmuş Arsan, Zeynep; Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; Broström, Tor; Gökçen Akkurt, Gülden
    Abstract Buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union, yet at the same time they have considerable energy saving potentials. Historic buildings should be treated different from contemporary ones when it comes to energy improvements. The specifications which underline historical, sociocultural and architectural values require certain care during realization of energy saving implementations to sustain these values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the energy efficient retrofitting in historic buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary approach with a case study conducted on the historic building in ̄zmir - Turkey. A detailed building energy simulation tool was used to determine the impacts of energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of case building was based on the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the cultural heritage values, were eliminated with a transdisciplinary approach. Later appropriate retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving of more than 34% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 11
    Citation - Scopus: 10
    Assessment of Construction Techniques and Material Usage in Izmir Rural Houses
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; İnceköse, Ülkü; Akış, Tonguç; Yalçın, Mehmet Ali
    The domestic architecture in the rural villages of ̄zmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 6
    Citation - Scopus: 9
    Reconstruction of Archaeological Sites: Principles Practice and Evaluation
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; Laroche, Didier
    The reconstruction works at archaeological sites need to be approached with caution to prevent disturbing any surviving evidence. This study aims to develop criteria for the evaluation of reconstructions at archaeological sites. The criteria have been developed through review of current international and national conservation charters to help improve reconstruction proposals. These criteria are determined considering the remain scale and the site scale. Accuracy of the reconstruction, avoidance of physical damage, compatibility of materials, distinguishability of the interventions, availability of the interventions for future applications, and reversibility are the criteria concerning the remain scale; limits of the intervention, retainability of the original characteristics of the site, and perception of the reconstruction are the criteria concerning the site scale. These criteria are applied to the reconstruction works realized at the West Stoa of Agora, zmir, Turkey during 1930s, which had to be dismissed and reimplemented in 2000s. The recent reconstruction was applied with compatible materials; the interventions did not damage the original materials and they are distinguishable. This study of the reconstruction presents the latest architectural information, provides a basis for future studies, and is reversible. The reconstructed structure does not falsify the original characteristics, but enables increased perception of the site.