Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Construction Techniques of Hayat Houses: Two Case Studies in the Vicinity of Izmir(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2019) Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Kaplan, ZişanThis study aims to contribute to the analytic studies on constructional aspects of the hayat house typology with an eye on its historical evolution for conservation purposes. The method used included a review of the surviving examples of the typology in Izmir and its vicinity and the selection of two intact examples whose structural components are legible: one from the earliest period and the other from the latest period. The examples selected are Kerimaga Konagi in Birgi, odemis, Izmir and a house in Kirkagac, Soma, Manisa. The early example (probably eighteenth century, constructed over the remains of an older house) sustains the traditional box system in its wooden upper story that integrates with the roof. The provision of level differences on the upper floor, the traditional relationship of the sitting level-window design, and masonry base are its authentic features. The late example (probably early twentieth century) presents signs of modernization, such as the establishment of a systematic wooden roof and wall frames in relation to each other, lack of diagonals in the perpendicular wall frame, avoidance of projections, and relatively elongated windows placed at higher positions.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 4Conservation-Aimed Evaluation of a Historical Aqueduct in Izmir(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2019) Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Vardaroğlu, MustafaThe seventeenth century was the era in which Izmir became an international commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean. The vizier of the era, Koprulu Fazil Ahmet Pasa, noticed the scarcity of potable water in relation with the increasing population at the center of this harbor city and ordered the construction of an aqueduct on Melez Valley. The Veziraga Aqueduct was constructed in 1674. This article aims to identify historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct so that its heritage values and conservations problems can be understood. The geographical and historical characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct are described by taking the effects of site and the sociocultural situation of city into consideration. The architectural characteristics of the aqueduct are prepared by using the site survey data to reveal the current condition and find out the original state. Seismic behavior of the aqueduct is investigated by using two approaches: analytical equivalent static analysis and finite-element analysis. The historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct prove its historical, documentary, and aesthetic values.Article A Model for Assessing the Reuse of an Ancient Place of Performance: the Bouleuterion of Teos(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Çalışkan, MerveAncient places of performance are often considered for reuse as a means of promoting archaeological sites. Therefore, local authorities and decision makers have a difficult task of balancing the conservation and management of the sites with the carrying capacity. In this paper, the bouleuterion, a ‘rediscovered’ structure, at the Teos archaeological site, in Turkey is evaluated and presented as a preliminary case study with the hopes that these issues will be taken into consideration by the managing body in the creation of a management plan for the site. The evaluation is made by assessing socio-economic and intangible heritage significance, policies guiding changes at the site, a qualitative survey at the site and by defining the structure’s carrying capacity. The site’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are used to create criteria and make proposals for its reuse. The study concludes that the bouleuterion cannot be reused as a venue in its present condition and makes recommendations for future use.Article Citation - WoS: 29Citation - Scopus: 35Sustainable Bio-Nano Composite Coatings for the Protection of Marble Surfaces(Elsevier Masson SAS, 2015) Ocak, Y.; Sofuoglu, A.; Tihminlioglu, F.; Böke, H.Water repellency on natural stone surfaces is the most important issue in the protection of stone monuments from effects of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, effectiveness of a bio-nano composite coating, composed of a biodegradable polymer (poly-L-lactide [PLA]) and montmorillonite clay (MMT) was investigated for the protection of marble surfaces from pollution. The clay dispersion in polymer matrices was analyzed by using Scanning Tunnel Electron Microscopy (STEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), while protection performance was investigated by the measurement of surface roughness, wettability, water vapor permeability, capillary water absorption, and color changes on the marble surfaces. As a result, no alteration on the color of coated marbles was observed, significant improvement was obtained for hydrophobicity of the surface and inhibition of sulfation reaction on the exposed marble surfaces under acidic atmosphere. It could be said that PLA based nanocomposites seem to be promising materials as protective coating agents in reducing the effects of water and atmospheric pollutants on marble surfaces. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 23Determination of Caco 3 and Sio 2 Content in the Binders of Historic Lime Mortars(Springer Verlag, 2012) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, ŞerifeThe binders of historic mortars composed of small grain sized silica (SiO 2) and carbonated lime (CaCO 3) are considered as the main part that give hydraulic character and high strength to the mortar. In this study, FTIR, SEM-EDS, LIBS and XRD spectroscopy were used to find out the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of historic lime mortars. For this purpose, a series of pure calcium carbonate and silica mixture were prepared in ten combinations in varying ratios from 0.5 to 5. Calibration curve was prepared for each analysis by plotting the peak area or intensity ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 versus the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2. A good linear correlation coefficient was obtained for each analysis respectively. The analyses were then tested on the binder of the Roman mortar samples. The results indicated that FTIR, SEM-EDS and LIBS spectroscopy are convenient tools to determine the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of mortars. But XRD spectroscopy is not convenient for quantitative analysis of binders due to the presence of varied amounts of amorphous or poor crystalline silica in their compositions.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 29Characteristics of Bricks Used in the Domes of Some Historic Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanIn this study, characteristics of bricks used in the domes of some historic bath buildings dated to 15th century in Izmir were determined in order to indicate the properties of repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes. For this purpose, their basic physical properties, elemental and mineralogical compositions, firing temperatures and microstructural properties were determined by using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analysis. Analysis results indicated that the bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing low amounts of calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures (<. 900. °C). They are mainly consisted of small pores with r<. 5. μm that make the bricks more susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. Although the bricks were fired at low temperatures and susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze thaw cycles, the structural systems of the domes remained without losing their integrity due to the moderate climatic conditions of Izmir. Repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes should be compatible with the original ones and produced from calcium poor clays by firing at low temperatures.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 10Construction Techniques of Domes in Some Ottoman Baths(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Reyhan, Kader; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn Ottoman bath architecture, the dome is the spherical structural component covering the square planned dressing hall, warm and hot spaces. In this study, the relationship between bond type, dome span, dome height, dome thickness, and the number of oculi of domes in some Ottoman baths located in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of evaluating construction techniques and architectural characteristics. The studied domes were constructed with brick and lime mortar as binder. In the construction of domes, whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used. In all domes, the surfaces were covered with brick-lime plaster, a thin layer on the interior and a thick layer on the exterior. Terracotta pipes placed in the brick bond or the openings made through the brick bond constituted oculi for lighting. Depending on the brick bond, a linear relationship was determined between the span, height, and number of oculi, whereas a mathematical ratio between 1:10 and 1:12 was determined between the span and thickness of the domes. It has also been noted that as the dome span increases, so does the height, thickness at the springing level and the number of oculi. The domes examined with these properties should be seen as historical documents representing the construction technology of the 15th century. Therefore, these properties of domes must be preserved and special care needs to be taken as not to lose the original qualities of these domes during conservation works.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 9Impact of Transparency in the Design of Protective Structures for Conservation of Archaeological Remains(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, BaşakProtective structures are advantageous to extend the life of exposed remains and to display objects of cultural significance. A considerable number of shelters and enclosures have been constructed of transparent materials to enhance the display function. This study aims to examine the utilization of transparency in design of protective structures in terms of advantages and disadvantages. To fulfill this aim, a group of protective structures, which were completely transparent or with transparent façades, such as the Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily (Italy), the Fishbourne Roman Palace at West Sussex (England), the Roman Bath at Badenweiler (Germany), the Cathedral ruins at Hamar (Norway) and the Terrace Houses 2 at Ephesus (Turkey) were investigated in terms of their effect on preservation and display of remains. The selected examples illustrated that greenhouse effect, condensation, loss of transparency and excessive lighting are the problems to be considered in the design process. As a result, transparent materials used in protective structures should be selected carefully according to their thermo-physical properties such as solar, thermal and light transmission in order to reduce the negative effects of overheating and condensation.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 12Weathering of Andesite Monuments in Archaeological Sites(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Kaplan, Çaglayan Deniz; Mürtezaoğlu, Fulya; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanArchaeological sites, which are the integral parts of cultural heritage, have to be conserved as a whole to have a variety of information about past societies. In this study, the weathering problems of unburied and newly excavated andesite monuments in Aigai archaeological site (Manisa, Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of their conservation. With this intent, the basic physical properties, mineralogical and chemical compositions and microstructural properties of sound and weathered samples were determined by using XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TGA analysis. Results of the study indicated that the weathering mechanisms of unburied and post-excavated andesite differ from each other. The main weathering problems observed on the unburied stones are mainly increasing microcracks from inner parts to the surfaces, deposition of iron oxides and microbiological colonization due to climatic conditions of the site. In the newly excavated areas, calcium carbonate deposition, accumulation of clay minerals and microbiological colonization are the main weathering problems due to weathering of silica minerals through the action of carbon dioxide and water during burial.Article Citation - WoS: 31Citation - Scopus: 41Metadata-Based Heritage Sites Modeling With E-Learning Functionality(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Styliadis, Athanasios D.; Akbaylar, İpek; Papadopoulou, Despoina A.; Hasanagas, Nikolaos D.; Roussa, Sotiria A.; Sexidis, Lazaros A.Nowadays, cultural heritage is under threat and danger (pollution, natural disasters, wars, etc.). In this domain, cultural heritage management (CHM) as the art, vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage resources and as a multi-discipline research area has a vital role. In recent years, the innovations, improvements and rapid advances in traditional and geographic (GIS) databases, design computing, digital architecture and archaeology, imaging sensors and scanners, computer modeling software, haptic equipments and e-learning technology, as well as the affordability and availability of many powerful graphics workstations make metadata and 3D modeling techniques for CHM with e-learning and haptic rendering (virtual reality) functionality feasible. This paper addresses the application research issue of incorporating metadata and modeling in a CHM case study and discusses the related e-learning functionality. So, in this article, a practical project is used to demonstrate the functionality and the performance of the proposed 3D modeling metadata based CHM methodology. In particular, the processing steps from image acquisition to the 3D geometric and semantic description of the Galerius Palace "Octagonon" (Thessaloniki, Greece) in a 3D digital environment are presented. Also, emphasis is put on documenting the new term 3D modeling metadata for CHM and on discussing as an open issue the concept personalized e-learning CHM scenarios. The proposed methodology has 10-2 modeling accuracy (i.e. 1% relative inaccuracy) and it is of interest for archaeology, architecture, virtual reality, e-learning, e-culture and virtual tourism.