City and Regional Planning / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4274
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Article Class Dimension of Housing Inequalities in the New Era of Liberalization: a Case Study in Ankara(Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2008) Akpınar, FigenEkonominin küresel yeniden yapılanmasının kentin yerel coğrafyasına iki tür etkisinden söz edebilir. Birincisi, tabakalaşma örüntüsünün değişmesidir. Bir tarafta finans sektörü ve ihtisaslaşmış hizmetlerde çalışan üst-düzey profesyonellerden oluşan yeni bir tabaka ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunu izleyen ise, niteliksiz işgücü talep eden işlerdeki artıştır. Yeni dönemin bir özelliği olarak kabul edilen eşitsizlik, kendisini hem boyut olarak, hem de sosyal ve mekânsal farklılaşmalar biçiminde göstermektedir. Toplumsal eşitsizlik yeni bir olgu değildir, ancak yeni döneme özgü olan bu eşitsizliğin boyutlarıyla birlikte sosyal ve mekânsal kutuplaşma ortaya çıkmaktadır. Küresel iş bölümündeki yeniden yapılanmanın bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yeni sınıfsal katmanlaşma ve bunların belirlediği mekânsal tercihler, kentlerde yeni ayrışma akslarının oluşmasına yol açmaktadır. Yeni dönemin yarattığı eşitsizliklerin ölçümünde genellikle üretim alanındaki işgücü piyasası odaklı gelir ve kazanç farklılıkları öne çıkmaktadır. Sosyal tabakalaşma çalışmaları genellikle üretim süreçlerini dikkate almakta, yeniden üretim süreçlerini hesaba katmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada üretim ve yeniden üretim süreçlerinin birbiriyle ilişkisi ve etkileşimi alan çalışmasıyla irdelenmiştir. Burada önemli soru, mekânsal ayrışmanın sınıf formasyonunu nasıl etkilediğidir. İki önemli unsur karşımıza çıkmaktadır, bir, sınıf yapısı ve iki, mekânsal dağılım. Bu unsurlar sınıf yapısının ayrışma üzerindeki etkisi ve sınıfların ekonomik olarak nasıl kutuplaştığı üzerinedir. Pek çok araştırmacı ise kentin farklı pek çok eşitsizlik kaynağı olduğunu ve bunların sadece iş ve iş yerinde üretilen eşitsizliklere bağlanamayacağını savunmaktadırlar. Bu görüş, ücret eşitsizliklerinin kentsel eşitsizlikler arasında önemsiz sayılması anlamına gelmemekte, ancak bireylerin yaşam fırsatlarının doğrudan ücretleriyle bağıntılı olduğu kadar dolaylı olarak farklı kaynaklarla da belirlendiği kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Sınıf ve konut sahipliğinin çapraz etkisi, araştırmacıları bekleyen çalışma alanlarıdır ve çalışmada bu etkileşim incelenmektedir. Üretim ve yeniden üretim süreçlerini ele alan yeni bir kavramsallaştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sonuç bulgular, 1990 sonrası ve 2000’li yılların başında Ankara’nın sosyal tabakalaşmasında küreselleşme söylemine uygun bazı ipuçları göstermekle birlikte, içsel dinamiklerin varlığını da ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, gelir eşitsizliklerinin farklı sınıfsal konum ve konuta özgü farklılıklarına dair net bir profil sunmaktadır. Çalışmada Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü’nün “Hane Halkı Gelir ve Tüketim Harcamaları” anketleri kullanılmıştır. Anketler 1994 yılının tamamı ve 2001 yılının ilk üç ayına aittir. Bu anketler, hane halkı ve hane halkını oluşturan bireylerin gelir, tüketim harcamaları ve sosyoekonomik profillerine yönelik ayrıntılı bilgiler içermektedir. İstatistiksel modelleme olarak Uyum Analizi (Correspondence Analysis) kullanılmıştır. Analiz, sosyal bilimlerde sıklıkla kullanılan kategorik değişkenlerin görsel bir haritasını sunmakta ve bu harita üzerinde fiziki uzaklıklar sosyo-mekânsal farklılıkların izdüşümü haline gelmektedir. Grafik üzerinde birbirine yakın olan noktaların (hanehalklarının) aynı sınıf pozisyonuna dahil olmaları yüksek olasılıklıdır. Bu yöntem plancıların sosyal sınıf temelli mekânsal ayrışma, eğitim, istihdam, tüketim, yaşam tarzları gibi şimdiye değin kendilerine uzak konular olarak gördükleri ve mekânla ilişki kurmakta zorlandıkları olguların haritalanmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Araştırma ve sonuçları, bu bağlamda kent araştırmalarına yeni bir boyut kazandırmaktadır.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 2Sociospatial Segregation and Consumption Profile of Ankara in the Context of Globalization(Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2009) Akpınar, FigenThe ‘’Global City Hypothesis’’ argues that the economic restructuring of the new global economy produces highly uneven and polarized employment structure in urban society (1). Today, large global cities are marked by unusually high levels of income inequality. The significant increase in foreign investment and the arrival of the multi-national corporations along with the major accounting, advertising, and marketing firms and the fashion, design and entertainment industry caused changes both in spatial and demographic configuration and the internal structure of large metropolitan cities. The consequence of the economic restructuring is ‘class polarization’ characterized by a number of high income professionals and managerial jobs, and a vast population of low income causal, informal and temporary forms at the bottom. The effects of liberalization policies resulted in unprecedented fragmentation and polarization within the ‘middle class’ with the worsening public sector functionaries as some employees of the multinational firms had become wealthier (Kandiyoti, 2002, 5). This new wealth has engendered new social groups characterized as ‘young professionals’ or ‘new job elite’ with an increasingly educated cohorts of leading business with affluent lifestyles and consumption patterns similar to their global counterparts. Though such changes and processes occur to some extent in most developed world cities, the approach by the global city theorists seems to be accepted as the valid and elucidative pattern in general, and imposes a kind of generalization that in reality there are more counter evidences even in leading world cities and other metropolitan areas of the world which reveal different pattern (Maloutas, 2007, 734).Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 19A Suppressed Demand Analysis Method of the Transportation Disadvantaged in Policy Making(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2009) Duvarcı, Yavuz; Mizokami, ShoshiThis paper proposes a method for estimating transportation supply requirements when the suppressed demand of the transportation disadvantaged (TD) can be calculated and added to existing demand for travel. The underlying assumption is that the travel conditions of these TD groups must be equal to the 'conventional' demand, known as 'full release'. Utilising the modelling approach for TD, suppressed demand analysis, diagnosis of difficulties and equity between conventional and disadvantaged groups were realised, while elaborating special cases for the most vulnerable TD groups (such as elderly and disabled persons) and simultaneously identifying areas of difficulty. From the early virtual results, it is concluded that, for the full release of suppressed trips (only a 5% increase), policy makers must be ready to face some financial burdens, requiring coordination of effort to both standardise these TD groups and reduce the costs incurred by operators.Article Citation - Scopus: 3Regional Unemployment Dynamics in Turkey(Hellenic Association of Regional Scientists, 2019) Duran, Hasan EnginAim of the study is to investigate region specific causes of unemployment for Turkish 26 Nuts-2 regions between 2004-2017. We aim at contributing to the literature by analyzing (i) whether regional unemployment and sub-groups (with respect to gender, age, education) is driven by excessive labor supply or shortage of labor demand, (ii) which sub-groups have higher unemployment in regions. In terms of methodology, we employ descriptive and exploratory analyses, spatial tests and panel regressions. Our findings indicate three main results: First, there is a sizable difference in unemployment rates across regions and the dispersion is getting stronger over time. Second, there are extremely low and high unemployment rates in various sub-groups and regions. Third, changes in unemployment is mostly driven by changes in labor supply rather than demand. Among the 208 cases (26 regions x 8 sub-groups), in 154 cases, the major driver of unemployment is the excessive labor supply. © 2019 Hellenic Association of Regional Scientists. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Exergy Analysis of Mass Housing Areas: Mavişehir I and Ii, Izmir(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., 2015) Mert, Yelda; Saygın, NicelIn this study, in terms of urban design, an exergy analysis of Mavişehir mass housing area in Izmir, Turkey is carried out based on spatial properties, shadow effects, wind effects and local climate to understand the importance of design strategies. The exergy analysis is applied with broad consideration covering the heat loads of the separate buildings for winter and summer. When the exergy results of Mavişehir I and Mavişehir II are compared it is found that Mavişehir II has less exergy by fuel and exergy load values. This may result from different design strategies in Mavişehir I where the same buildings and villas between residential buildings are located according to sea view, whereas in Mavişehir II, there is a heterogeneous pattern with various forms and heights of the residential buildings. It was also discovered that exergy efficiency of the area is 4.20% and the exergy flexibility factor is 19.3%.Article Citation - Scopus: 16Trade Openness, Urban Concentration and City-Size Growth in Turkey(Hellenic Association of Regional Scientists, 2015) Duran, Hasan Engin; Özkan, Sevim PelinAim of the present study is to investigate two important issues on urban concentration in Turkey. First, we investigate whether population tend to have an uneven distribution across cities between 1965-2012, second, we analyze the determinants of city-size growth by relating it to the process of trade liberalization and to a range of other socio-economic and geographical factors. In terms of methodology, we employ various cross sectional and spatial econometric tools to implement our analysis. Our results indicate three major conclusions: First, urban concentration tends to increase recently, leading to an unevenly growing cities and creating urban giants (i.e. Istanbul). Second, trade liberalization is shown to intensify this process since metropolitan areas, which are more open to trade, tend to grow faster than others. Third, specialization of cities in industrial activities (i.e. manufacturing) and economies of agglomeration are likely to reinforce the spatial concentration of population around larger cities.Article An Analysis of Vehicular Traffic Flow Using Langevin Equation(Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, 2015) Koşun, Çağlar; Çelik, Hüseyin Murat; Özdemir, SerhanTraffic flow data are stochastic in nature, and an abundance of literature exists thereof. One way to express stochastic data is the Langevin equation. Langevin equation consists of two parts. The first part is known as the deterministic drift term, the other as the stochastic diffusion term. Langevin equation does not only help derive the deterministic and random terms of the selected portion of the city of Istanbul traffic empirically, but also sheds light on the underlying dynamics of the flow. Drift diagrams have shown that slow lane tends to get congested faster when vehicle speeds attain a value of 25 km/h, and it is 20 km/h for the fast lane. Three or four distinct regimes may be discriminated again from the drift diagrams; congested, intermediate, and free-flow regimes. At places, even the intermediate regime may be divided in two, often with readiness to congestion. This has revealed the fact that for the selected portion of the highway, there are two main states of flow, namely, congestion and free-flow, with an intermediate state where the noise-driven traffic flow forces the flow into either of the distinct regimes. © 2015, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 10Modelling Trip Distribution With Fuzzy and Genetic Fuzzy Systems(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2013) Kompil, Mert; Çelik, Hüseyin MuratThis paper explores the potential capabilities of fuzzy and genetic fuzzy system approaches in urban trip distribution modelling with some new features. First, a simple fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) and a novel genetic fuzzy rule-based system [GFRBS: a fuzzy system improved by a knowledge base learning process with genetic algorithms (GAs)] are designed to model intra-city passenger flows for Istanbul. Subsequently, their accuracy, applicability and generalizability characteristics are evaluated against the well-known gravity- and neural network (NN)-based trip distribution models. The overall results show that: traditional doubly constrained gravity models are still simple and efficient; NNs may not show expected performance when they are forced to satisfy trip constraints; simply-designed FRBSs, learning from observations and expertise, are both efficient and interpretable even if the data are large and noisy; and use of GAs in fuzzy rule-based learning considerably increases modelling performance, although it brings additional computation cost.