Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
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Book Part Geothermal Fluids: Physicochemical Properties, Compositions, and Treatment(Elsevier, 2024) Jarma, Y.A.; Cihanoğlu, A.; Kabay, N.; Baba, A.; Tomaszewska, B.; Kasztelewicz, A.; Bryjak, M.Geothermal energy is known as an environmentally friendly, reliable, and safe source of energy produced from renewable sources. In order to ensure the sustainable operation of geothermal power plants, it is necessary to recharge geothermal fluids back into the reservoirs. It is worth mentioning that the accidental release of geothermal brines or the accumulation of salts and silica from geothermal power facilities can lead to significant environmental issues. Geothermal fluids brought to the surface for any application must be treated in the most practical and feasible way before discharge to the any receiving body or back to the reservoirs. The objective of this chapter was therefore to study the hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal fluids in different regions and propose some scientific approached for the treatment of spent geothermal fluid prior to its use as an alternative water source, especially in agriculture applications. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.Article Citation - WoS: 40Citation - Scopus: 47Boron in Geothermal Energy: Sources, Environmental Impacts, and Management in Geothermal Fluid(Elsevier, 2022) Mott, A.; Baba, Alper; Hadi Mosleh, Mojgan; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Babaei, Masoud; Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Feng, C.; Recepoğlu, Yaşar Kemal; Uzelli, Taygun; Uytun, Hüseyin; Morata, Diego; Yüksel Özşen, AslıThe problem of hazardous chemicals in geothermal fluid is a critical environmental concern in geothermal energy developments. Boron is among the hazardous contaminants reported to be present at high concentrations in geothermal fluids in various countries. Poor management and inadequate treatment of geothermal fluids can release excessive boron to the environment that has toxic effects on plants, humans, and animals. Despite the importance of boron management in geothermal fluid, limited and fragmented resources exist that provide a comprehensive understanding of its sources, transport and fate, and the treatment strategies in geothermal energy context. This paper presents the first critical review from a systematic and comprehensive review on different aspects of boron in geothermal fluid including its generation, sources, toxicity, ranges and the management approaches and treatment technologies. Our research highlights the origin of boron in geothermal water to be mainly from historical water-rock interactions and magmatic intrusion. Excessive concentrations of boron in geothermal fluids have been reported (over 500 mg/L in some case studies). Our review indicated that possible boron contamination in geothermal sites are mostly due to flawed construction of production/re-injection wells and uncontrolled discharge of geothermal water to surface water. The dominancy of non-ionic H3BO3 species makes the selection of the suitable treatment method for geothermal waters limited. Combining boron selective resins and membrane technologies, hybrid systems have provided effluents suitable for irrigation. However, their high energy consumption and course structure of boron selective resins encourage further research to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11Brine Minimization in Desalination of the Geothermal Reinjection Fluid by Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Processes(Elsevier, 2022) Jarma, Yakubu A.; Karaoğlu, Aslı; Senan, Islam Rashad Ahmed; Baba, Alper; Kabay, NalanBrine obtained during water treatment by pressure driven membrane processes remains the major drawback. Therefore, it is of paramount important to find a lasting solution in order to minimize its production by both nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. In this study, an experimental study with the aim of brine minimization during membrane desalination of the geothermal reinjection fluid using a mini-pilot scale membrane test system having spiral wound NF and RO membranes was conducted. The membranes employed for this task were TR-NF and BW30-RO membranes. First, studies with different brine to feed ratios of 1:4, 1:3, 1:2 and 2:3 represented as NF-F2, NF-F3, NF-F4 and NF-F5, respectively were investigated using TR-NF membrane. A control study with no brine recirculation was conducted as well in order to check the effect of brine recirculation on the membrane performance. Secondly, studies with BW30-RO membrane using same brine to feed ratios as in the case of NF membrane studies were carried out. An applied pressure of 15 bar, initial water recovery of 60% and 4 h of experimental time were employed as operational conditions for both NF and RO membrane studies. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the brine recirculation (with a brine to fresh feed ratio of 2:3) has a significant impact on the permeate flux. The product water can be utilized for the agricultural irrigation purposes. Nevertheless, the boron concentration in the product water was still high for the sensitive crops.Article Citation - WoS: 58Citation - Scopus: 59Assessment of Different Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Boron From Spent Geothermal Water(Elsevier, 2021) Jarma, Yakubu A.; Karaoğlu, Aslı; Tekin, Özge; Baba, Alper; Ökten, H.Eser; Tomaszewska, Barbara; Kabay, NalanOne of the factors that determine agricultural crops’ yield is the quality of water used during irrigation. In this study, we assessed the usability of spent geothermal water for agricultural irrigation after membrane treatment. Preliminary membrane tests were conducted on a laboratory-scale set up followed by mini-pilot scale tests in a geothermal heating center. In part I, three commercially available membranes (XLE BWRO, NF90, and Osmonics CK- NF) were tested using a cross-flow flat-sheet membrane testing unit (Sepa CF II, GE-Osmonics) under constant applied pressure of 20 bar. In part II, different spiral wound membranes (TR-NE90-NF, TR-BE-BW, and BW30) other than the ones used in laboratory tests were employed for the mini-pilot scale studies in a continuous mode. Water recovery and applied pressure were maintained constant at 60% and 12 bar, respectively. Performances of the membranes were assessed in terms of the permeate flux, boron and arsenic removals. In laboratory tests, the permeate fluxes were measured as 94.3, 87.9, and 64.3 L m?2 h?1 for XLE BWRO, CK-NF and NF90 membranes, respectively. The arsenic removals were found as 99.0%, 87.5% and 83.6% while the boron removals were 56.8%, 54.2%, and 26.1% for XLE BWRO, NF90 and CK-NF membranes, respectively. In field tests, permeate fluxes were 49.9, 26.8 and 24.0 L m?2 h?1 for TR-NE90-NF, BW30-RO and TR-BE-BW membranes, respectively. Boron removals were calculated as 49.9%, 44.1% and 40.7% for TR-BE-BW, TR-NE90-NF and BW30-RO membranes, respectively. Removal efficiencies of arsenic in mini-pilot scale membrane tests were all over 90%. Quality of the permeate water produced was suitable for irrigation in terms of the electrical conductivity (EC) and the total dissolved solids (TDS) for all tested membranes with respect to guidelines set by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation (TMEU). However, XLE BWRO, CK-NF and NF90 membranes failed to meet the required limits for irrigation in terms of boron and arsenic concentrations in the product water. The permeate streams of TR-BE-BW, TR-NE90-NF and BW30-RO membranes complied with the irrigation water standards in terms of EC, TDS and arsenic concentration while boron concentration remained above the allowable limit. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.