Civil Engineering / İnşaat Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/13
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Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10A Reconnaissance Study in Izmir (bornova Plain) Affected by October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake(Elsevier, 2021) Nuhoğlu, Ayhan; Erener, Mehmet Fahrettin; Hızal, Çağlayan; Kıncal, Cem; Erdoğan, Devrim Şüfa; Özdağ, Özkan Cevdet; Akgün, MustafaOn October 30th of 2020, 14:51 (GMT+3:00), Izmir city was hit by an earthquake of Mw = 7.0 magnitude (according to USGS). A rupture of 30-40 km of a west-east normal fault, which is roughly 12 km north to Samos Island caused significant damage, particularly in Izmir (Bornova plain). This study aims to present the preliminary field investigations, evaluation of structural damage as well as the possible geotechnical phenomenon affecting the damage that occurred. In this context, an extensive analysis of spectral characteristics of the earthquake and local site effects is presented. Field investigations reveal that there is a significant amplification of the rock acceleration along with a basin effect in the region, which results in a wider constant acceleration region. In addition, analysis of earthquake records shows a remarkable level of soil nonlinearity. Considering all these aspects, a detailed assessment of structural damage observed in Izmir Bayrakli District is presented. It is evident that, structures of poor construction details behaved as if they were affected by a near field earthquake. The structures to be constructed in alluvial zones such as Manavkuyu neighborhood should be designed considering the effects of soil amplification including basin effects and soil nonlinearity. To fulfill this aim, comparative results of 1D/2D/3D ground response analyses should be performed, for revising current earthquake codes.Article Mesnetlerinden Farklı Yer Hareketlerine Maruz Çok Katlı Çerçevelerin Deplasman Yüklemesine Göre Analizi(Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, 2019) Hızal, Çağlayan; Turan, GürsoyIn seismic analysis of structures, generally it is assumed that all supports are subjected to identical ground motions. This approach is assumed to be realistic when the foundation of the structure is formed as a rigid plate, but it cannot consider the dynamic effects of the earthquake wave propagation if the supports are able to move independently. In this study, the multi-support excitation analysis of multi-story, multi bay frames is performed by using displacement loading which defines the seismic load depending on the ground displacement. The modal analysis procedure of the structures subjected to multi-support excitations is given in detail and the effect of pseudo-static displacement on the dynamic response of the structure is highlighted. A static correction approach is implemented with a numerical example to reflect the higher mode effects which are a natural result of displacement loading.Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 19Modified Frequency and Spatial Domain Decomposition Method Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation(Elsevier, 2020) Hızal, ÇağlayanIn this study, a Modified Frequency and Spatial Domain Decomposition (MFSDD) technique is developed for modal parameter identification, using output-only response measurements. According to the presented procedure, the most probable power spectral density matrix of the measured response (output PSD) is updated by a maximum likelihood estimation based on the observed data. Different from the available Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) techniques, a prediction error term which is associated with the measurement noise and modelling errors is included in the proposed methodology. In this context, a detailed discussion is provided from various aspects for the effect of measurement noise and modelling errors on the parameter estimation quality. Two numerical and two experimental analysis are conducted in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methodology under some extreme effects. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method shows very good performance in modal parameter estimation in case of noisy measurements.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 9Frequency Domain Data Merging in Operational Modal Analysis Based on Least Squares Approach(Elsevier, 2020) Hızal, ÇağlayanAssembling of multi-setup measurements emerges as a challenging problem in the structural health monitoring applications and may cause some important issues in the estimation of global modal parameters such as frequency, damping ratio and modal shape vector. To overcome this problem, a novel frequency domain pre-identification data merging method is proposed in this study. In the proposed methodology, to obtain a single measurement set, a least squares approach is employed resulting in a global response that is scaled from the multi-setup data. For the verification of the proposed merging procedure, one numerical, two experimental studies and one real data application have been conducted. The results obtained from the numerical, experimental and real data analysis indicate that the presented methodology provides rather high-quality estimations for multi-setup measurement problems. © 2020 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 3Rotary Inertia and Higher Modes Effect on the Dynamic Response of Timoshenko Beams on Two-Parameter Elastic Foundation(Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, 2019) Hızal, Çağlayan; Çatal, Hikmet HüseyinThis study investigates the effects of rotary inertia and higher modes on the dynamic response of the axially loaded Timoshenko beams on two-parameter foundation with generalized elastic end conditions. A simplified modal analysis procedure is presented by using the conventional separation of variables method. The effect of rotary inertia on the solution of free vibration differential equation is discussed. A numerical example is presented to investigate the coupled effect of rotary inertia and higher modes on the bending moment and shear force responses.Article Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 16A Mode Shape Assembly Algorithm by Using Two Stage Bayesian Fast Fourier Transform Approach(Academic Press Inc., 2019) Hızal, Çağlayan; Turan, Gürsoy; Aktaş, Engin; Ceylan, HasanOperational modal analysis may require identifying global modal shapes by using multiple setup measurements. For this purpose, various algorithms have been developed which make use of the Bayesian approach to estimate the global mode shapes. The main motivation of the available Bayesian approaches is based on the estimation of the optimal global mode shape vector directly from Fast Fourier Transform data or assembling the local mode shapes that are identified in the individual setups by using Gaussian approximation. In this study, the two-stage Bayesian Fast Fourier Transform Approach which is originally applied to single setups is implemented to multiple setup problems for well separated modes. Analytically it is shown that the resulting formulation is the same for the mode shape assembly by using the Gaussian approximation. In addition, the weights of individual setups in the global mode shape vector is analytically calculated which depend on the Hessian matrix for local mode shapes. To validate the proposed methodology, a numerical example that considers setup-to-setup variability of modal signal-noise ratios is presented. For comparison purposes a ten-story shear frame model is experimentally investigated, and the measurements of a benchmark bridge structure are considered in the verification of the current procedure. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 5Pre-Identification Data Merging for Multiple Setup Measurements With Roving References(Springer Verlag, 2020) Ceylan, Hasan; Turan, Gürsoy; Hızal, ÇağlayanOne-time operational modal analysis (OMA) of large civil structures requires measurements of the vibrations, which, according to the number of channels to be measured, are generally expensive and arduous to obtain. In this study, identification of modal parameters of civil structures has been investigated by using multiple setups with a roving reference channel. In this manner, a limited amount of equipment becomes sufficient for OMA of structures. The procedure consists of a transformation function between measurement setups, which transforms all measured data to the time frame of a selected reference setup. To illustrate the procedure, an existing 10 story laboratory shear frame model is considered. A numerical and an experimental investigation have been carried out to identify its modal characteristics. The validity of the procedure has been explained in detail by making use of a coherence function in-between the multi-setup measurements. According to the results, OMA by using only a few sensors with the performed procedure can be equivalent to OMA by using a full measurement setup. Against a common believe, the results of this study reveal that synchronization among the setups does not prominently affect the identification results.Article Citation - WoS: 29Citation - Scopus: 29A Two-Stage Bayesian Algorithm for Finite Element Model Updating by Using Ambient Response Data From Multiple Measurement Setups(Academic Press, 2020) Hızal, Çağlayan; Turan, GürsoyThis study presents a two-stage Bayesian finite element model updating procedure by using acceleration response measurements obtained from multiple setups. In the presented methodology, parametric uncertainties for the modal parameters are estimated by using the Bayesian Fast Fourier Transform Approach (BFFTA). Different from the previous Bayesian methods, a block diagonal covariance matrix is modeled for prior estimation of measured modal parameters. In addition, the modelling error in the eigenvalue equations is considered as soft constraints to be updated. Numerical and experimental studies are presented to validate the proposed method. The effect of soft constraints on the identification results as well as their posterior uncertainties are investigated. According to the results, it is shown that the proposed methodology can identify the most probable finite element model parameters with high level of accuracy. In addition, the posterior uncertainties obtained by the proposed procedure are significantly small when compared to the methods that consider rigid constraints for prediction and/or modelling error. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Effect of Seismic Wave Velocity on the Dynamic Response of Multi-Story Structures on Elastic Foundation(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Hızal, Çağlayan; Turan, GürsoyTraveling wave effects are generally considered with three main cases: (i) Wave passage effect that results with time delay in earthquake motion. (ii) incoherence effect which is defined as loss of coherency in the ground motion due to the reflection and refraction of waves, and (iii) local site effects. For multi-story structures whose supports are close to each other, the incoherence and local site effect may be omitted. In this case, traveling waves result only in a pure time delay in the earthquake motion (wave passage effect). Due to the wave passage effect of vertical and/or horizontal ground motion, the superstructure needs to be analyzed by multi-support excitation. Raft foundations cannot constrain vertical deformations and/or rotations, but they cause a diaphragm effect in the horizontal direction which results in uniform excitation. In this study, the effect of vertical earthquake motions onto multi-story buildings on elastic soil is investigated. Multi support excitation is considered by using displacement loading, which defines the equivalent seismic loads in terms of the ground displacement. According to the performed simulations of the selected structures, it is shown that structural height has a direct influence that results in member force magnifications with slow traveling wave effect. Among these, the ground floor column axial forces are most affected.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 5Importance of Static Correction and Damping in the Analysis of a Cable-Stayed Bridge Subjected To Displacement Loading(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2017) Hızal, Çağlayan; Turan, GürsoyCable-stayed bridges with long spans are excited by different support vibrations on both sides of the main span. Therefore, a realistic seismic structural analysis of the bridge must involve multiple-support excitation. The dynamic equation of motion, in which all degrees of freedom are solved at once, can be solved directly. A modal analysis might also be possible, but care must be taken with the number of modes used in the analysis. If the ground motion is described in terms of displacement and velocity, which is referred to as displacement loading, then a static correction that will account for the unconsidered higher modes must be performed. In this study, the procedure of multiple-support excitation through the use of modal transformation is explained in detail. The effects of changes in damping levels that affect the analysis results are investigated by using the static correction method in displacement loading. An example is given to illustrate the mentioned problem by using a finite-element model of the cable-stayed Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge.