Food Engineering / Gıda Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/12
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Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Golden Thistle (scolymus Hispanicus L.) Hydromethanolic Extracts Ameliorated Glucose Absorption and Inflammatory Markers in Vitro(Wiley, 2023) Özel Taşcı, Cansu; Güleç, ŞükrüGolden thistle (GT, Scolymus hispanicus L.) is an edible plant native to the Mediterranean. Several activities have been reported for the GT, as it is used for traditional medicinal purposes in some cultures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of GT crude extract on phenolic bioavailability, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities by using colonic epithelium (CaCo-2) and murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. The CaCo-2 cells were grown on the bicameral membrane system for intestinal bioavailability and glucose efflux. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mu g/mL) was used to induce systemic inflammation on RAW 264.7. The inflammatory medium of RAW 264.7 cells was given to Caco-2 cells to mimic colonic inflammation. Our results showed that 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid had an apparent permeability of (1.82 +/- 0.07) x 10-6 cm/s after 6 h. The extract lowered the glucose efflux by 39.4%-42.6%, in addition to the reductions in relative GLUT2 mRNA expressions by 49%-66% in pre- and co-treatments (p < .05). Decreases in systemic inflammation markers of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also detected in 30%-45% range after pre-treatments with the GT extract (p < .05). Lastly, colonic inflammation markers of IL-6 and IL-8 were reduced by 8.7%-19.5% as a result of GT pre-treatments (p < .05). Thus, an in vitro investigation of GT extract revealed promising results on antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.Article Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 16Formulation of Gluten-Free Cookies Utilizing Chickpea, Carob, and Hazelnut Flours Through Mixture Design(MDPI, 2023) Doğruer, Ilgın; Başer, Filiz; Güleç, Şükrü; Tokatlı, Figen; Özen, BanuLegume flours, which offer high nutritional quality, present viable options for gluten-free bakery products. However, they may have an objectionable flavor and taste for some consumers. In this study, it was aimed to improve the gluten-free cookie formulation by incorporating carob and hazelnut flours to pre-cooked chickpea flour and to investigate the techno-functional properties of the formulated cookies. The flours used in the formulations were assessed for their chemical and physical properties. This study employed a mixture design (simplex-centroid) to obtain the proportions of the flours to be used in the cookie formulations. The rheological characteristics of the doughs and the technological attributes of the baked cookies were determined. The addition of the hazelnut and carob flours had the overall effect of reducing the rheological characteristics of the cookie doughs. Furthermore, the textural attribute of the hardness of the baked cookies decreased as the ratio of hazelnut flour in the formulations was raised. The analysed results and sensory evaluation pointed to a formulation consisting of 30% pre-cooked chickpea/30% carob/30% hazelnut flours, which exhibited improved taste and overall acceptability scores. A total of 16.82 g/100 g of rapidly digestible starch, 5.36 g/100 g of slowly digestible starch, and 8.30 g/100 g of resistant starch exist in this particular cookie. As a result, combinations of chickpea, hazelnut, and carob flours hold promise as good alternatives for gluten-free cookie ingredients and warrant further exploration in the development of similar products.Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 17Techno-Functional and in Vitro Digestibility Properties of Gluten-Free Cookies Made From Raw, Pre-Cooked, and Germinated Chickpea Flours(MDPI, 2023) Doğruer, Ilgın; Çoban, Başak; Başer, Filiz; Güleç, Şükrü; Özen, BanuChickpea flour, which is produced in various forms, has high protein and fiber content; therefore, it can be a good ingredient for gluten-free cookies. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the properties of cookies formulated using raw (RCF), cooked (CCF), and germinated (GCF) chickpea flours. The techno-functional properties of these flours were determined, and scanning electron microscope images and mid-infrared spectra were obtained. The rheological properties of cookie doughs were measured along with their mid-infrared spectra. Baked cookies were analyzed for their technological properties as well as their in vitro digestion properties. Sensory analysis was also performed for all the cookies. The most significant difference among the flours was observed in their water retention capacity, and CCF had 119.7% higher water retention capacity compared to RCF. The dough made with CCF had quite different rheological properties from the others. The cookies baked with GCF had the highest baking loss and spread ratio. The CCF-containing cookies had the hardest structure. The cookies made from RCF had a higher resistant starch content followed by the cookies with GCF. All the cookies had similar scores in all aspects tested in the sensory analysis. The use of three different forms of chickpea flour in cookie formulations resulted in products with very different properties; however, their overall acceptability levels were close.Review Citation - Scopus: 121Natural and Synthetic Nanovectors for Cancer Therapy(Ivyspring International Publisher, 2023) Eftekhari, Aziz; Kryschi, Carola; Pamies, David; Ahmadian, Elham; Janas, Dawid; Davaran, Soodabeh; Khalilov, Rovshan; Güleç, ŞükrüNanomaterials have been extensively studied in cancer therapy as vectors that may improve drug delivery. Such vectors not only bring numerous advantages such as stability, biocompatibility, and cellular uptake but have also been shown to overcome some cancer-related resistances. Nanocarrier can deliver the drug more precisely to the specific organ while improving its pharmacokinetics, thereby avoiding secondary adverse effects on the not target tissue. Between these nanovectors, diverse material types can be discerned, such as liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanostructures, nanoparticles, nanowires, etc., each of which offers different opportunities for cancer therapy. In this review, a broad spectrum of nanovectors is analyzed for application in multimodal cancer therapy and diagnostics in terms of mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Advantages and inconveniences of promising nanovectors, including gold nanostructures, SPIONs, semiconducting quantum dots, various nanostructures, phospholipid-based liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, extracellular and exome vesicles are summarized. The article is concluded with a future outlook on this promising field. © The author(s).Research Project Bakır mineralinin anemi durumundaki dengeleyici ve düzeltici etkisinin moleküler ve genetik düzeyde insan enterosit hücre modelinde araştırılması(2017) Güleç, ŞükrüDemir eksikliğine bağlı anemi, dünyadaki besin eksikliğinin neden olduğu hastalıklar arasında ilk sırada yeralan bir problemdir. Bu yüzden anemik durumu dengeleyici veya düzeltici faktörlerin bilinmesi demir metabolizmasının anlaşılması için önemlidir. Demir eksikliği anemisinde bağırsak enterosit hücrelerinde bakır seviyesinin arttığı gösterilmiştir ve bu da bakırın demir eksikliği anemisindeki durumu düzeltici etkisi olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu bağlamda projede bakır mineralinin demir eksikliğine bağlı oluşturulan anemik durumdaki düzeltici etkisi moleküler ve genetik düzeyinde insan enterosit hücre modellinde (Caco-2) incelendi. Projenin ilk kısmında Caco-2 hücreleri 12 bölmeli steril hücre kaplarında 21 gün süre ile büyütüldü. İkinci kısımda, besinden gelen ve kandaki bakırın etkisinin in vitro olarak test edilebilmesi için insan bağırsak sistemi modellendi. Bunun için Caco-2 hücreleri özel membranlarda büyütülerek polarize olmaları sağlandı. Daha sonra hücrelere deferoksamin (DFO) verilerek demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi oluşturuldu. Hücreler bakır ve demir ile muamele edildi. Örneklerden RNA izolasyonu yapılıp, cDNA dönüşümü gerçekleştirildi. Bunu takiben RT–qPCR metodu ile gruplar arasındaki belirli genlerin mRNA ekspresyon seviyelerine bakıldı. Dmt1 ve Ftn genlerine ait mRNA regülasyonlarının hücre kültürü kabında ve membran sisteminde büyüyen hücreler arasında farklı olduğu gözlemlendi. Membran sistemindeki sonuçlara göre, bakırın demir eksikliği anemisinde artan Fpn ve Dmt1 genlerinin mRNA seviyelerini düşürdüğü saptandı. Daha da önemlisi bu anlamlı azalma, bakırın polarize olmuş hücrelerin yalnızca bazolateral kısmına verilmesiyle gözlemlenmiştir. Bu da kandaki bakırın demir eksikliği anemisinde bağırsak demir hemostazının hücre içi moleküler mekanizmasını etkilediğini göstermektedir. Buna ilaveten, kontrol grubuyla kıyaslandığında bakırın anemik koşullar altında regüle olan Ankrd37 ve Egln genlerinin mRNA ekspresyonlarını etkilemeği bulunmuştur. Projede anemi durumunda demir mineralinin bakır metabolizmasındaki genlere etkisi de incelenmiştir. Anemi durumunda bazolateral kısma verilen demir bakır ile regüle olan genler içinde yalnızca Atp7a mRNA ekspresyonunu etkilemektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, kandaki bakırın diyetten gelen bakıra göre enterosit hücrelerinde demir eksikliği anemisini azaltmada daha etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bakır, anemi durumunda demir mineraline bağlı regüle olan Fpn ve Dmt1 genlerinin mRNA ekspresyonlarını enterosit hücrelerinin basolateral kısımları üzerinden etkilemektedir. Anemide Fpn ve Dmt1 genlerini regüle etmek için kandaki bakır tarafından etkilenebilen moleküler mekanizmaların neler olduğunu ortaya çıkaran fonksiyonel çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Comparison of Apical and Basolateral Cu Treatment for Iron-Related Gene Regulation During Deferoxamine Induced Iron Deficiency(BioMed Central Ltd., 2022) Evcan, Ezgi; Güleç, ŞükrüBackground: Intestinal copper transporter (Atp7a) mutant-brindled mice with systemic Cu deficiency had elevated Cu levels in enterocyte cells without any perturbation of iron-regulating genes, suggesting that blood Cu level might be important for intestinal iron homeostasis during iron deficiency (ID). We hypothesized that the blood Cu level and polarization (apical and basolateral) of enterocyte cells might be important regulators for the compensatory response on the regulation of genes in enterocyte cells during iron deficiency. Methods: We grew Caco-2 cells on a bicameral cell culture plate to mimic the human intestine system and on a regular tissue culture plate. Iron deficiency was induced by deferoxamine (DFO). The cells were treated with Cu and Cu with Fe following mRNA expressions of DMT1, FPN, TFR, and ANKRD37 were analyzed. Results: Our main finding was that basolateral treatment of Cu significantly reduced mRNA expressions of iron-regulated genes, including DMT1, FPN, TFR, and ANKRD37, compared to DFO-treated and DFO with apical Cu-treated groups in both bicameral and regular tissue culture plates. Conclusions: Cu level in the basolateral side of Caco-2 cells significantly influenced the intracellular gene regulation in DFO-induced iron-deficient condition, and polarization of the cells might be important factor gene regulation in enterocyte cells.Article Citation - WoS: 307Citation - Scopus: 364Iron Absorption: Factors, Limitations, and Improvement Methods(American Chemical Society, 2022) Pişkin, Elif; Cianciosi, Danila; Güleç, Şükrü; Tomas, Merve; Çapanoğlu, EsraIron is an essential element for human life since it participates in many functions in the human body, including oxygen transport, immunity, cell division and differentiation, and energy metabolism. Iron homeostasis is mainly controlled by intestinal absorption because iron does not have active excretory mechanisms for humans. Thus, efficient intestinal iron bioavailability is essential to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia. There are two forms of iron, heme and nonheme, found in foods. The average daily dietary iron intake is 10 to 15 mg in humans since only 1 to 2 mg is absorbed through the intestinal system. Nutrient-nutrient interactions may play a role in dietary intestinal iron absorption. Dietary inhibitors such as calcium, phytates, polyphenols and enhancers such as ascorbic acid and proteins mainly influence iron bioavailability. Numerous studies have been carried out for years to enhance iron bioavailability and combat iron deficiency. In addition to traditional methods, innovative techniques are being developed day by day to enhance iron bioavailability. This review will provide information about iron bioavailability, factors affecting absorption, iron deficiency, and recent studies on improving iron bioavailability.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Physicochemical and Active Properties of Gelatine-Based Composite Gels Loaded With Lysozyme and Green Tea Polyphenols(University of Zagreb, 2021) Boyacı, Derya; Barış Kavur, Pelin; Güleç, Şükrü; Yemenicioğlu, AhmetResearch background. The use of gel-based systems as a novel method for the delivery of natural antimicrobial, antioxidant and bioactive compounds is a developing innovative solution for the food industry. This research aims to develop multifunctional active edible gels based on gelatine and its composites with improved mechanical properties. Experimental approach. Antilisterial and bioactive composite gels showing different physical and active properties from classical gelatine gel were developed by loading lysozyme and green tea extract into gelatine/starch and gelatine/wax composite gels. Mechanical properties, swelling profiles, colour, release profiles, and antimicrobial and bioactive properties of the gels were characterised. Results and conclusions. Gelatine/wax gels showed 1.3-to 2.1-fold higher firmness and cutting strength than gelatine and gelatine/starch composite gels that had similar firmness and cutting strengths. Work to shear of both composite gels was 1.4-to 1.9-fold higher than that of gelatine gel. The gelatine/starch gel showed the highest water absorption capacity. Green tea extract reduced soluble lysozyme in all gels, but composite gels contained higher amount of soluble lysozyme than gelatine gel. All the gels with lysozyme inhibited Listeria innocua growth in the broth media, while green tea extract showed antilisterial activity only in gelatine/wax gels. Gels with green tea extract showed antioxidant, antidiabetic (?-glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibition), antihypertensive (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition) and antiproliferative activities (on Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells). However, gelatine and gelatine/wax gels showed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. The gelatine/wax gels prevented phenolic browning, while green tea extract in other gels showed moderate or extensive browning. Novelty and scientific contribution. This work clearly showed the possibility of improving mechanical properties and modifying water absorption and controlled release profiles of gelatine gels using gelatine/starch and gelatine/wax composites. The novel composite gels reduced browning of incorporated polyphenols and showed antilisterial and bioactive properties. © 2021, University of Zagreb. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1In Vitro Assessment of Food-Derived Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Bicameral Cell Culture System(Türk Biyokimya Derneği, 2020) Özel Taşcı, Cansu; Pilatin, Gözde; Edeer, Özgür; Güleç, ŞükrüBackground: Functional foods can help prevent metabolic diseases, and it is essential to evaluate functional characteristics of foods through in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches. Objective: We aimed to use the bicameral cell culture system combined with the in vitro digestion to evaluate glucose bioavailability. Materials and methods: Cake, almond paste, and pudding were modified by adding fiber and replacing sugar with sweeteners and polyols. Digestion process was modeled in test tubes. Rat enterocyte cells (IEC-6) were grown in a bicameral cell culture system to mimic the physiological characteristics of the human intestine. The glucose bioaccessibility and cellular glucose efflux were measured by glucose oxidase assay. Results and discussion: The glucose bioaccessibilities of modified foods were significantly lower (cake: 2.6 fold, almond paste: 9.2 fold, pudding 2.8 fold) than the controls. Cellular glucose effluxes also decreased in the modified cake, almond paste, and pudding by 2.2, 4, and 2 fold respectively compared to their controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that combining in vitro enzymatic digestion with cell culture studies can be a practical way to test in vitro glucose bioaccessibility and bioavailability in functional food development.Article Diyetten Alınan ve Kandaki Demir Mineralinin İnsan İnce Bağırsak Hücre Modelinde Demir Eksikliği Anemisine Etkisi(Türkiye Diyetisyenler Derneği, 2018) Güleç, ŞükrüAmaç: Demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi (IDA), dünyada özellikle yeni doğanlarda, çocuklarda ve kadınlarda en sık görülen besinsel eksikliktir. Düşük demir içeriği olan besinlerin tüketilmesi ve ince bağırsaktan yeterli demirin emilememesi demir eksikliğine bağlı anemiye neden olmaktadır. Memelilerde fizyolojik olarak aktif demirin vücuttan atılımı için bir sistemin olmamasından dolayı bağırsak enterosit hücreleri, vücuttaki demir metabolizmasının dengeli bir şekilde devamlılığında hayati bir role sahiptirler. Yeterli bağırsak demir emilimi anemi riskini azaltmak için gereklidir. Diyetten alınan ve kanda bulunan demir insan vücudu için bulunan iki demir kaynağıdır. Bu çalışmada demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi durumunda bağırsak demir metabolizmasının moleküler ve genetik düzenlenmesinde diyetten gelen ve kanda bulunan demir mineralinin etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: İnsan kolon epitelyal hücreleri (CaCo-2) insan ince bağırsak sistemini modellemek için özel hücre kültürü membran sistemlerinde büyütülmüştür. Kolon hücrelerin apikal ve bazolateral polarizasyonu trans epitelyal rezistans (TEER) ölçümüyle test edilmiştir. Demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi Deferoxamine (DFO) ile indüklenmiş olup, demirin IDA üzerindeki etkisi RT-qPCR tekniği ile gen düzeyinde araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Marker gen (TFR, DMT1) mRNA ekspresyon düzeyleri analiz edildiğinde, hücrelerin bazolateral kısmına demir verildiğinde apikal kısma verilene oranla IDA fenotipinin kaybolduğu gösterilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuçlar kan demirinin bağırsak demir metabolizmasının düzenlenmesi için gerekli olduğunu göstermiştir. Kan demir düzeyi diyetten gelen demirle regüle edilir. Böylece, günlük demir alımı kan demiri düzeylerini düzenlemek için önemlidir. Bağırsak enterosit hücrelerinin bazolateral kısım boyunca demir mineralini algılama kabiliyetine sahip olabileceğini desteklemektedir.