Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
Browse
18 results
Search Results
Research Project Tarihi yapılarda malzeme bozulmasının sınıflandırılması ve sorunların saptanmasına yönelik bir yöntem araştırılması(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2003) İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Akkurt, Sedat; Çizer, ÖzlemTarihi yapıların özgün malzemelerinin olabildiğince korunması ve onların onarımlarında kullanılacak yeni malzemelerin özgün malzeme özellikleri dikkate alınarak belirlenmesi koruma çalışmalarının temel ilkelerindendir. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırmanın amacı, tarihi yapılardaki özgün malzemelerin korunabilmesi için gerekli olan çalışma etaplarını sistematik olarak örneklemektir. Çalışma kapsamında, seçilen tarihi bir yapıda malzeme çeşitlilikleri, bozulma çeşitlilikleri, malzemelerin fiziksel, mineralojik, yapısal ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş, meteorolojik verilerle bozulmaların ilişkisi araştırılmış ve koruma müdahaleleri için temel bilgiler oluşturulmuştur. Yapıda kullanılan malzemeler, malzeme bozulmaları ve yoğunluktan yapıya ait çizimler üzerinde belirtilmiştir. Yapıdan toplanan özgün malzeme örneklerinin fiziksel özellikleri (yoğunluk ve gözeneklilik); içerdikleri çözünen tuz oranlan, harç ve sıvalarda ham madde oranları tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin mineralojik, yapısal ve kimyasal özellikleri, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM Scanning Electron Microscope) ve X ışınlan kırınım (X-Ray Diffraction) cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Her tarihi yapı, kendine özgü malzemeler ve sorunlar içermekle beraber özgün malzemelerin korunmasına yönelik çalışmalann belli etaplan izlemesi gerekir. Bu araştırma kapsamında ele alınan ve her tarihi yapıda uygulanabilecek çalışma etaplan; arazide yapı üzerinde gerçekleştirilecek çalışmalar, laboratuvar çalışmalan ve meteorolojik verilerin incelenmesi olarak üç başlık halinde önerilmiştir. Araştırma özelinde ele alınan tarihi yapının inşasında kayrak taşı, tuğla ve kireç harcı kullanılmıştır. Duvar yüzeylerinde kireç sıva, üst yapıda ise horasan sıva kaplama malzemesidir. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzemelerde gözlenen bozulmalanmn ana kaynağının nem olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bozulmaların fazla olduğu bölgelerdeki malzemelerin, bozulmaların daha az olduğu bölgelerdeki malzemelere göre yoğunluklan düşük, gözeneklilikleri daha yüksek, içerdikleri çözünen tuz miktarlan fazladır. Yerden yükselen nem ve üst yapının tahrip olması nedeniyle yapının zeminden ortalama l m. yükseklikte ve üst bölümlerinde bulunan malzemelerde gözlenen bozulmalar daha yoğundur. Bu nedenle çevre drenajının yapılması ve üst yapıda gerekli onarını müdahalelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi birinci dereceden önem taşımaktadır. Bu temel müdahaleler yanı sıra onarım malzemeleri olarak seçilecek yeni kayrak taşlan ve tuğlaların nem ve sıcaklık değişimlerinde özgün malzemelerle benzer davranışı gösterecek temel fiziksel özelliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Özgün kireç harç ve sıvalann onanmında bunlann kompozisyonuna benzer kireç harç ve sıvalar kullanılmalıdır. Türkiye'de tarihi yapıların korunması konusunda yapılan çalışmalar, onların mimari özelliklerinin korunmasını içermektedir. Ancak, yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerin özellikleri, bozulma sorunlarının belirlenmesi ve bunlann değerlendirilmesi sonucu yapılacak müdahaleler ve müdahalelerde kullanılacak malzemelerin özellikleri konusunda çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmemektedir. Bu nedenle tarihi yapılara bilinçsizce müdahaleler yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarihi yapılarda Özgün malzemelerin korunmasının önemini vurgulaması ve konuyla ilgili çalışma etaplannı göstermesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.Research Project Tarihi yapılarda mermer yüzeylerinin bio-bozunur polimer ile korunması(2007) Böke, Hasan; Ocak, Yılmaz; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; İpekoğlu, BaşakHava kirliliği, tüm dünyada ve ülkemizde kültür varlıklarımızın hızlı ve buna bağlı olarak artan bir şekilde bozulmasına yol açan önemli bir çevre faktörünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu bozulma, en fazla kalkerli taşlardan yapılmış (mermer, traverten, v.b) anıtlarda ve eserlerde gözlenmektedir. Kirli havada bulunan kükürt dioksit gazı (SO2) kalkerli taşları oluşturan kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) ile suyun varlığında reaksiyona girerek ara reaksiyon ürünü olan kalsiyum sülfit hemihidrat (CaSO3 . 0.5 H2O) ve bu ürünün oksitlenmesi sonucunda alçı taşını oluşturmaktadır (CaSO4 . 2 H2O) (ELFVING 1994; BÖKE 1999; GAURI 1999) . Oluşan alçı taşının sudaki çözünürlüğünün kalsit’den daha fazla olması yağmura açık bölgelerde bulunan mermer yüzeylerin erozyonunu hızlandırmaktadır (Şekil 1a). Eğer mermer yüzeyleri yağmurdan korunan bir bölgede ise bu oluşum, yüzeylerin bir süre sonra kabuklanmasına ve giderek dökülmesine yol açmaktadır (Şekil 1b). Tarihi anıtların ve arkeolojik alanlarda bulunan eserlerin büyük çoğunluğu kalsit kristallerinden oluşan kireç taşlarından oluşmaktadır.Article Citation - WoS: 171Characteristics of Brick Used as Aggregate in Historic Brick-Lime Mortars and Plasters(Elsevier Ltd., 2006) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu, ElifMortars and plasters composed of a mixture of brick powder and lime have been used since ancient times due to their hydraulic properties. In this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of some historic Ottoman Bath brick-lime mortars and plasters were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, AFM, TGA and chemical analyses. The mineralogical and chemical compositions, microstructures, morphologies and pozzolanicities of the brick powders and fragments used as aggregates in the mortars and plasters were examined to find out the relationship between hydraulic properties of the mortars and the bricks. The characteristics of bricks used in the bath domes were also determined to investigate whether the brick aggregates used in mortar and plasters were prepared from these bricks. The results indicated that the mortars and plasters were hydraulic owing to the presence of crushed brick powders that have good pozzolanicity. The brick powders bad high pozzolanicity because they contained high amounts of calcium-poor clay minerals in their raw materials that were fired at low temperatures. On the other hand, bricks used in the domes had poor pozzolanicity with different mineralogical and chemical compositions from bricks used in mortars and plasters. Based on the results of the analysis, it was thought that the bricks manufactured with high amounts of clays were consciously chosen in the preparation of hydraulic mortars and plasters. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 21Long Term Stability of Biodegradable Polymers on Building Limestone(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Kaplan, Zişan; Böke, Hasan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; İpekoğlu, BaşakSynthetic polymers can be replaced by biodegradable ones as adhesives, water repellents and consolidants on the stone surfaces and facades of the historic buildings in their conservation to minimize future deterioration. In this study, the long-term stability of two biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-L-lactide (PLA), and an acrylic polymer (Paraloid B72) which is commonly used in conservation works of artefacts, were evaluated on limestone using a UV lamp-weathering chamber (up to 104 days) for future protection studies. Chemical and morphological changes induced by an accelerated weathering test were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Protection efficiency of the polymers was determined by the changes in color, capillary water absorption, static contact angle on limestone. Paraloid B72, PHB, and PLA coatings significantly increased hydrophobicity while decreasing capillarity water absorption and caused negligible change in the color of the limestone. Protection efficiencies of PLA and PHB polymers were almost the same as that of Paraloid B72, a widely used acrylic polymer. However, PLA and PHB seemed to be favorable polymers as protective agents due to their reversibility and biodegradability, low chromatic changes, good hydrophobic behavior and good stability to weathering in reducing the effects of outdoor exposure on limestone surfaces.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 10Physicochemical Properties of Glass Tesserae in Roman Terrace House From Ancient Antandros (base Glass, Opacifiers and Colorants)(Ege Üniversitesi, 2017) Kaplan, Zişan; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn this study, material characteristics of glass mosaic tesserae from Antandros ancient city, western Turkey, were investigated. The main objective of this study was to determine the compositional group of the glass tesserae. Their color, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics were determined using colorimeter, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope. The results show that all the Antandros glasses were produced by using coastal sand as Levantine I glasses and exhibit similar compositions with natron type glasses (Roman type glasses), except for lower natron levels. Lower natron levels indicate that Antandros mosaic glass may have been produced in 7th century AD or natron may have been provided from a new flux source due to the shortage of Egyptian mineral soda or due to economic reasons glass manufacturers succeeded to produce same glass with low flux addition. Antandros glass tesserae were all opacified with antimony oxides and colored with transition metal oxides which are common used in Roman Period.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 9Reconstruction of Archaeological Sites: Principles Practice and Evaluation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; Laroche, DidierThe reconstruction works at archaeological sites need to be approached with caution to prevent disturbing any surviving evidence. This study aims to develop criteria for the evaluation of reconstructions at archaeological sites. The criteria have been developed through review of current international and national conservation charters to help improve reconstruction proposals. These criteria are determined considering the remain scale and the site scale. Accuracy of the reconstruction, avoidance of physical damage, compatibility of materials, distinguishability of the interventions, availability of the interventions for future applications, and reversibility are the criteria concerning the remain scale; limits of the intervention, retainability of the original characteristics of the site, and perception of the reconstruction are the criteria concerning the site scale. These criteria are applied to the reconstruction works realized at the West Stoa of Agora, zmir, Turkey during 1930s, which had to be dismissed and reimplemented in 2000s. The recent reconstruction was applied with compatible materials; the interventions did not damage the original materials and they are distinguishable. This study of the reconstruction presents the latest architectural information, provides a basis for future studies, and is reversible. The reconstructed structure does not falsify the original characteristics, but enables increased perception of the site.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 10Construction Techniques of Domes in Some Ottoman Baths(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Reyhan, Kader; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn Ottoman bath architecture, the dome is the spherical structural component covering the square planned dressing hall, warm and hot spaces. In this study, the relationship between bond type, dome span, dome height, dome thickness, and the number of oculi of domes in some Ottoman baths located in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of evaluating construction techniques and architectural characteristics. The studied domes were constructed with brick and lime mortar as binder. In the construction of domes, whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used. In all domes, the surfaces were covered with brick-lime plaster, a thin layer on the interior and a thick layer on the exterior. Terracotta pipes placed in the brick bond or the openings made through the brick bond constituted oculi for lighting. Depending on the brick bond, a linear relationship was determined between the span, height, and number of oculi, whereas a mathematical ratio between 1:10 and 1:12 was determined between the span and thickness of the domes. It has also been noted that as the dome span increases, so does the height, thickness at the springing level and the number of oculi. The domes examined with these properties should be seen as historical documents representing the construction technology of the 15th century. Therefore, these properties of domes must be preserved and special care needs to be taken as not to lose the original qualities of these domes during conservation works.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 9Impact of Transparency in the Design of Protective Structures for Conservation of Archaeological Remains(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, BaşakProtective structures are advantageous to extend the life of exposed remains and to display objects of cultural significance. A considerable number of shelters and enclosures have been constructed of transparent materials to enhance the display function. This study aims to examine the utilization of transparency in design of protective structures in terms of advantages and disadvantages. To fulfill this aim, a group of protective structures, which were completely transparent or with transparent façades, such as the Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily (Italy), the Fishbourne Roman Palace at West Sussex (England), the Roman Bath at Badenweiler (Germany), the Cathedral ruins at Hamar (Norway) and the Terrace Houses 2 at Ephesus (Turkey) were investigated in terms of their effect on preservation and display of remains. The selected examples illustrated that greenhouse effect, condensation, loss of transparency and excessive lighting are the problems to be considered in the design process. As a result, transparent materials used in protective structures should be selected carefully according to their thermo-physical properties such as solar, thermal and light transmission in order to reduce the negative effects of overheating and condensation.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 12Weathering of Andesite Monuments in Archaeological Sites(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Kaplan, Çaglayan Deniz; Mürtezaoğlu, Fulya; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanArchaeological sites, which are the integral parts of cultural heritage, have to be conserved as a whole to have a variety of information about past societies. In this study, the weathering problems of unburied and newly excavated andesite monuments in Aigai archaeological site (Manisa, Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of their conservation. With this intent, the basic physical properties, mineralogical and chemical compositions and microstructural properties of sound and weathered samples were determined by using XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TGA analysis. Results of the study indicated that the weathering mechanisms of unburied and post-excavated andesite differ from each other. The main weathering problems observed on the unburied stones are mainly increasing microcracks from inner parts to the surfaces, deposition of iron oxides and microbiological colonization due to climatic conditions of the site. In the newly excavated areas, calcium carbonate deposition, accumulation of clay minerals and microbiological colonization are the main weathering problems due to weathering of silica minerals through the action of carbon dioxide and water during burial.Article Citation - WoS: 24Citation - Scopus: 29An Architectural Assessment Method for New Exterior Additions To Historic Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2012) Yüceer, Hülya; İpekoğlu, BaşakThe design approaches of new exterior additions to historic buildings have been among the ongoing debates in the field of architectural conservation. The aim of this study is to develop an assessment method, which can be used to determine the compatibility in architectural expression of the new addition in relation to the characteristics of a historic building. This method is based on the architectural analysis, which includes environmental relations, building-lot relations, mass relations and the facade composition of the historic building both before and after the new addition in relation to the value of a historical building. In this study, a selected group of historic buildings in Izmir, Turkey with new exterior additions was analysed with regard to their exterior architectural characteristics in order to evaluate the compatibility of the new addition, by employing the use of contemporary conservation principles. The importance of this study is to guide architects to form the basis of a decision for developing an integrated approach in designing new additions in the course of the actual design process. On the other hand, the proposed method can be evaluated as a contribution to the emerging field of heritage impact assessments as well as scientific assistance to local governments to criticize specific projects of cultural heritage assets submitted for appraisal. Analysis results showed that the value of the historic building should first clearly be identified and a new addition should bear the identity of its own period. However, instead of altering the scale or form of the historic building, a new addition should complement and contribute to the sense of proportion, disposition and historical pattern. © 2012.