Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Art and Construction Related Qualities of 14th‒15th Century Monuments in a Rural Landscape on the Western Coast of Türkiye(KeAi Communications Co., 2024) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Toköz, Özge DenizThis study aims to contribute to the understanding of the evolution of art and construction in the early settlements established by Turkish communities on the far west Asian coast by focusing on two developed examples in Urla Peninsula. Conventional surveying and evaluation techniques of architectural restoration and civil engineering were utilized. Key findings include the understanding of the hierarchy of rural settlements in the studied landscape: old Çesme the most developed village of peninsula in the 16th century. It was positioned along a valley in distance to coast, but in control of harbor that played significant role in commerce between Europe and Asia. Its mosque and tomb, dated to late 14th – early 15th centuries, used to crown it. Cylindrical minaret tower of mosque, domed tomb tower on a cubical base and squinch in the transition zone of mosque are evidences for Central Asian roots. Usage of local lime stone, re-usage of andesite blocks, framing of the stone blocks with bricks, and pendentive in tomb refer to Roman-Byzantine constructions. The study presents the development of Turkish art and construction on the far west Asian coast in the 14th‒15th centuries. Findings will be a guide for related conservation management in similar contexts. © 2024 The Author(s)Article Citation - WoS: 1On-Site Measurements of Temperature and Humidity Conditions for the Comparison of Urban and Rural Sub-Spaces of Traditional Settlements: Historical City of Mugla, Turkey(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Timur, Barış Ali; Başaran, Tahsin; İpekoğlu, BaşakOne of the significant processes that ensures realistic determination of the energy needs of historical buildings is case-specific definition of their local microclimatic conditions. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine differences for the parameters of temperature and humidity in urban and rural sub-settlements of the historical city, Mugla/Turkey. Study method consists of on-site measurements of these variables in sub-settlements for comparisons. As a result, it was identified urban zone shows heat island characteristics with warmer, drier, and more stable conditions; while rural sub-settlement remains cooler, more humid, and more erratic. In parallel, calculated extents of these differences demonstrate the significance and necessity of on-site measurements and consequential microclimatic zoning of historical cities as conservation/planning tools for responding to the thermal needs of architectural heritage. A key application of these processes would be the establishment of local databases of case-specific weather data to be used in thermal simulation assessments.Article Ildırı’nın mekansal izlerinin peşinde: Bir 19. Yüzyıl yerleşim bulmacası(Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi TÜBA, 2020) Kul, Fatma Nurşen; Çil, ElaThis paper aims to decipher the 19th century spatial characteristics of Ildırı which overlaps the archaeological remains of ancient Erythrai. This period corresponds to the Ottoman Empire’s last century when Ildırı was inhabited by Orthodox-Rum community. Ildırı experinced serious alterations and destructions during and after the population exchange. Due to both these changes and destructions as well as recent illegal construction activities, the original settlement pattern is almost disappeared in Ildırı. Increasing tourism pressure of recent years in an other factor that accelerates this disappearance. For this reason, in this paper, the spatial characteristics of 19th-century Ildırı is deciphered like a jig-saw puzzle; by tracing the clues about the place from different sources. This settlement puzzle based upon supporting the limited traces coming from the place with oral history studies and narratives of archaeologist travellers. The mentioned oral history studies composed of the narratives of both existing Turkish and former Rum inhabitants. The narratives of Rum inhabitants who experienced the pre-exchange period were obtained from the Centre of Asia Minor Studies in Athens. Interviews with Turkish inhabitants who witnessed the post-exchange period were conducted by the authors at different times between 2012 and 2014 in Ildırı. As the conclusion, the importance of oral history studies is emphasized in understanding the place, its recent history and spatial transformations of the settlements like Ildırı that experienced major transformations as well as a sharp social interruption with population exchange.Article Citation - WoS: 2Cephe Yönlenmesinin Tarihi Konutların Enerji Kullanımına Etkileri: Güneybatı Anadolu’da Dış Sofalı Konutlar(Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022) Timur, Barış Ali; Başaran, Tahsin; İpekoğlu, BaşakCephe yönlenme durumu, yapıların enerji kullanım miktarlarını etkileyen önemli bir tasarım parametresi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu parametre özellikle yeni yapı tasarımı alanında, yönlenme optimizasyon kararları geliştirmek üzere birçok araştırmada incelenmiştir. Buna karşılık, tarihi yapıların yönlenmesi ve enerji kullanım miktarları arasındaki ilişkiyi irdeleyen çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu coğrafyasında yaygın bir tarihi yapı türü olan dış sofalı konutların Muğla kenti örnek yerleşmesindeki hâkim yönlenme durumları ile enerji kullanım düzeyleri arasında belirgin bir ilişki olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Araştırma yöntemi, DesignBuilder v.5.4.0.21 yazılımında gerçekleştirilmiş olan yapı ısıl modellemesi ve simülasyonudur. Çalışmada, örnek bir tarihi konutun mimari özellikleri kullanılarak oluşturulmuş sanal bir yapı modelinin sofa yönlenme durumu, ana ve ara yönlere göre değiştirilerek ısıl simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiş ve simülasyonlar sonucu hesaplanan ısıtma ve soğutma enerji ihtiyaçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Simülasyonlar, karşılaştırmalı olarak önce yapı çevresindeki kütle ve peyzaj elemanlarıyla sonra bu elemanlar olmadan iki sonuç seti için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Simülasyonlar sonucunda, örnek yapı türü için en iyi ve en verimsiz yönlenme durumları arasında enerji kullanımı açısından hesaplanan oransal farkın %1,3 ile %2,2 arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu sonuca göre, örnek yapı türü enerji kullanım durumunun çok yüksek oranda yönlenmeden bağımsız olduğu, bu nedenle de örnek yerleşmedeki dış sofalı konutlar için hâkim yönlenme tercihi ile yapı enerji kullanım düzeyleri arasında dikkate değer bir ilişki olmadığı belirlenmiştir.Article Citation - WoS: 30Citation - Scopus: 30Thermal Retrofitting for Sustainable Use of Traditional Dwellings in Mediterranean Climate of Southwestern Anatolia(Elsevier, 2022) Timur, Barış Ali; Başaran, Tahsin; İpekoğlu, BaşakThermal retrofitting implementations are crucial for safeguarding the functional sustainability of historical buildings as they can improve the thermal performance of these buildings while maintaining thermal comfort for their occupants. This study aims to examine the thermal behavior of a common historical building type in Anatolia / Turkey, the traditional houses with exterior hall (sofa), and to determine enhancement potentials of possible thermal interventions. Research method consists of on-site thermal measurements, laboratory analyses on traditional construction materials and transient thermal analyses utilizing simulations on DesignBuilder software. Study cases were selected from both urban and rural sub-settlements. The results demonstrated that the thermal insulation works within floor assemblies, airtightness measures, adding secondary glazing to windows and suggesting transparent circulation corridors provide significant energy improvements. These interventions would save 26.5% of building energy consumption in the urban and 30.4% in the rural sub-settlements when applied together. Furthermore, when the integration of a modern HVAC system, ground-source heat pump is implemented, these improvement rates can be increased to more than 60%. Consequently, it was determined that the cases have significant potentials for thermal enhancements which renders the application of thermal interventions as a capable conservation tool.Article Historic Collective Shelter as Heritage: the Cases in Hurşidiye, Kurtuluş and Sakarya Neighborhoods in Konak, Izmir(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2021) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Akpınar, Figen; Toköz, Özge DenizHistorical collective shelters, yahuthanes or cortejos, are an alternative form of housing that were developed to provide secure sheltering of the groups who were disadvantaged in terms of economic, social, and cultural aspects in the Ottoman city. They have played a significant role in history as a building type that made possible cohabitation of groups, with moral and material problems, and struggling to maintain their integrity despite hardship. This study deals with a group of historical collective shelters in the traditional commercial center of Izmir dating mainly to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The objective is to understand the historic evolution of collective shelters (yahuthane, cortejo) in Hursidiye, Kurtulus and Sakarya neighborhoods of Konak district in Izmir, to define their cultural values, to analyze their social and spatial development, to present their physical characteristics and evaluate their preservation problems. Eleven collective shelters were documented in the studied site, which is a portion of the traditional commercial center of Izmir (Kemeralti). The site comprehends the ruins of the Roman Agora and the remains of the public buildings dating to the pre-modernization period of the Ottoman Empire as well as the late Ottoman urban layout. As a method, the preliminary studies were reviewed, the land registers were surveyed, the present base map together with the historical maps were overlapped and the case studies were conducted using conventional techniques of architectural and urban conservation. The study has documented the interaction of Muslim and Jewish communities and how the collective living habits of these ethnic groups living in collective shelters differed from standard residential life at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the traditional commercial center of Izmir. Though collective shelters in the historic center of Izmir have been studied in the literature, their specific location on the map was not available. This study has provided locations of the shelters and evaluated the architectural characteristics of their remains. The traces and remains of the historic collective shelters should be preserved as elements contributing to the integrity of the multi layered city.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 9Reconstruction of Archaeological Sites: Principles Practice and Evaluation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; Laroche, DidierThe reconstruction works at archaeological sites need to be approached with caution to prevent disturbing any surviving evidence. This study aims to develop criteria for the evaluation of reconstructions at archaeological sites. The criteria have been developed through review of current international and national conservation charters to help improve reconstruction proposals. These criteria are determined considering the remain scale and the site scale. Accuracy of the reconstruction, avoidance of physical damage, compatibility of materials, distinguishability of the interventions, availability of the interventions for future applications, and reversibility are the criteria concerning the remain scale; limits of the intervention, retainability of the original characteristics of the site, and perception of the reconstruction are the criteria concerning the site scale. These criteria are applied to the reconstruction works realized at the West Stoa of Agora, zmir, Turkey during 1930s, which had to be dismissed and reimplemented in 2000s. The recent reconstruction was applied with compatible materials; the interventions did not damage the original materials and they are distinguishable. This study of the reconstruction presents the latest architectural information, provides a basis for future studies, and is reversible. The reconstructed structure does not falsify the original characteristics, but enables increased perception of the site.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 10Construction Techniques of Domes in Some Ottoman Baths(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Reyhan, Kader; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, HasanIn Ottoman bath architecture, the dome is the spherical structural component covering the square planned dressing hall, warm and hot spaces. In this study, the relationship between bond type, dome span, dome height, dome thickness, and the number of oculi of domes in some Ottoman baths located in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of evaluating construction techniques and architectural characteristics. The studied domes were constructed with brick and lime mortar as binder. In the construction of domes, whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used. In all domes, the surfaces were covered with brick-lime plaster, a thin layer on the interior and a thick layer on the exterior. Terracotta pipes placed in the brick bond or the openings made through the brick bond constituted oculi for lighting. Depending on the brick bond, a linear relationship was determined between the span, height, and number of oculi, whereas a mathematical ratio between 1:10 and 1:12 was determined between the span and thickness of the domes. It has also been noted that as the dome span increases, so does the height, thickness at the springing level and the number of oculi. The domes examined with these properties should be seen as historical documents representing the construction technology of the 15th century. Therefore, these properties of domes must be preserved and special care needs to be taken as not to lose the original qualities of these domes during conservation works.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 9Impact of Transparency in the Design of Protective Structures for Conservation of Archaeological Remains(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, BaşakProtective structures are advantageous to extend the life of exposed remains and to display objects of cultural significance. A considerable number of shelters and enclosures have been constructed of transparent materials to enhance the display function. This study aims to examine the utilization of transparency in design of protective structures in terms of advantages and disadvantages. To fulfill this aim, a group of protective structures, which were completely transparent or with transparent façades, such as the Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily (Italy), the Fishbourne Roman Palace at West Sussex (England), the Roman Bath at Badenweiler (Germany), the Cathedral ruins at Hamar (Norway) and the Terrace Houses 2 at Ephesus (Turkey) were investigated in terms of their effect on preservation and display of remains. The selected examples illustrated that greenhouse effect, condensation, loss of transparency and excessive lighting are the problems to be considered in the design process. As a result, transparent materials used in protective structures should be selected carefully according to their thermo-physical properties such as solar, thermal and light transmission in order to reduce the negative effects of overheating and condensation.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Tarihi Konutların Yeniden Kullanımında Geleneksel Ocakların Güncel Isıtma Yüklerini Karşılama Etkinliği: Güneybatı Anadolu’dan Örnekler(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2023) Timur, Barış Ali; Başaran, Tahsin; İpekoğlu, BaşakAnadolu tarihi konutlarında ısıtma elemanı olarak yaygın kullanılan geleneksel ocaklar, estetik önemleri yanında fonksiyonel değerler taşır. Bu elemanların ısıl özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, tarihi konutların yeniden kullanımlarında ısıl konforun sağlanması için uygulanacak olası müdahalelerin kapsamının saptanması bakımından belirleyici bir değerlendirme alanıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geleneksel ocakların, güncel kullanım senaryolarına bağlı olarak ısıl ihtiyaçları karşılama potansiyelinin belirlenmesidir. İncelenen yapı türü, açık sofalı tarihi konutlardır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, kırsal ve kentsel yerleşmelerden seçilmiş örnek iki konutta yıllık ısıl ölçümlerin alınması, yapılarda kullanılan yapım malzemelerinin termofiziksel özelliklerinin laboratuvar ölçümleriyle belirlenmesi ve yapıların DesignBuilder v5.4.0.21 yazılımında modellenerek zamana bağlı ısıl analizlerinin, modelin doğrulanması yapıldıktan sonra, gerçekleştirilmesi aşamalarını kapsamaktadır. Analizlerle belirlenen mekânsal birim zamandaki ısınma enerjisi ihtiyacının zamana bağlı değişim değerleri, örnek konutlarda bulunan ocakların maksimum ısıtma güçleriyle karşılaştırılmış ve ocakların ısıl ihtiyaçları karşılama oranları bulunmuştur. Sunulan analiz süreçlerinin, tarihi konutlar için kurgulanacak ısıtma sistemi değerlendirmelerine yöntem açısından katkı sağlaması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, kentsel konutta bulunan üç ocaktan ikisinin bulundukları mekânlar için yüksek düzeyde yeterli olduğu, bir ocağın ise daha yetersiz kaldığı; kırsal konutta ise analizi yapılan her iki ocağın da yeterli ısıtma düzeyine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Böylece, incelenen yapılarda tasarlanacak olası ısıtma düzenlemelerinin kapsamının belirlenmesine yönelik veriler oluşturulmuştur.